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2023 Editors Takanari Ouchi Kerstin Forsberg Gisele Azimi Shafiq Alam Neale R. Neelameggham Hojong Kim Alafara Abdullahi Baba Hong Peng Athanasios Karamalidis The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series · · · Takanari Ouchi Kerstin Forsberg Gisele Azimi · · Shafiq Alam Neale R. Neelameggham · · Hojong Kim Alafara Abdullahi Baba · Hong Peng Athanasios Karamalidis Editors Rare Metal Technology 2023 Editors TakanariOuchi KerstinForsberg UniversityofTokyo KTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology Tokyo,Japan Stockholm,Sweden GiseleAzimi ShafiqAlam UniversityofToronto UniversityofSaskatchewan Toronto,ON,Canada Saskatoon,SK,Canada NealeR.Neelameggham HojongKim IndLLC PennsylvaniaStateUniversity SouthJordan,UT,USA UniversityPark,PA,USA AlafaraAbdullahiBaba HongPeng UniversityofIlorin UniversityofQueensland Ilorin,Nigeria Brisbane,QLD,Australia AthanasiosKaramalidis PennsylvaniaStateUniversity UniversityPark,PA,USA ISSN 2367-1181 ISSN 2367-1696 (electronic) TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSeries ISBN 978-3-031-22760-8 ISBN 978-3-031-22761-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22761-5 ©TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSociety2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface RareMetalTechnology2023istheproceedingsvolumeofthetenthsymposiumon Rare Metal Extraction and Processing, TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition 2023, heldattheSanDiegoConventionCenter&HiltonSanDiegoBayfront,SanDiego, California, USA from March 19 to March 23, 2023. This symposium is spon- soredbytheHydrometallurgyandElectrometallurgyCommitteeandtheRecycling andEnvironmentalTechnologiesCommitteeoftheTMSExtractionandProcessing Division. Rare metals have been attracting increasing attention over the past ten years; consequently, the number of participants in this symposium has been increasing. Recently,theeffortstoachievecarbonneutralityhaveacceleratedthedevelopment ofcleantechnologiesonaninternationallevel;therefore,thedemandforraremetals has been increasing. However, the grade of rare metals in ores is declining, and theenergyconsumptionandCO emissionsinminingandextractionprocessesare 2 increasing.Therefore,thedevelopmentofnewprocesstechnologieshasbecomean urgentrequirement. The Rare Metal Extraction and Processing Symposium has been organized to provide a forum for the discussion of the extraction process of rare metals from primaryandsecondarymaterialsandresiduesaswellasprocessingtechniquesused inraremetalproductionandmineralprocessingsince2014.Theraremetalsgener- allydiscussedinthissymposiumareantimony,bismuth,barium,beryllium,boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molyb- denum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium,strontium,tantalum,tellurium,titanium,andtungsten,whichareraremetals that are produced in low-tonnage compared to high-tonnage metals such as iron, aluminum,copper,lead,tin,zinc,andsilicon. The papers in this volume cover process development, process optimization, product characterization, environmental impacts, and plant engineering. Further- more, the papers discuss various processing techniques for mineral beneficiation, separation,extraction,andpurificationofraremetals,whicharebasedonbiometal- lurgy,hydrometallurgy,pyrometallurgy,electrometallurgy,andothernewextractive metallurgytechniques. v vi Preface Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetotheco-organizers(co-editors)for their efforts to organize symposiums and edit the proceedings volume Rare Metal Technology2023:KerstinForsberg,GiseleAzimi,ShafiqAlam,NealeR.Neelameg- gham,HojongKim,AlafaraAbdullahiBaba,HongPeng,andAthanasiosKarama- lidis.Inaddition,onbehalfoftheorganizers(editors),Iwouldliketoacknowledge theTMSstaff,KellyMarkel,MattBaker,andPatriciaWarren,fortheirassistance inassemblingandpublishingthisproceedingsbook.Finally,Iwouldliketothank alltheauthors,speakers,andparticipantsofthissymposiumandhopethatwecan continue to create a good forum for discussion to advance the field of rare metal extractionandprocessesinthenextyearandbeyond. TakanariOuchi LeadOrganizer Contents PartI ProcessingforRareEarth RareEarthElementsExtractionfromanIonicClayfromSouth America .......................................................... 3 GiseleAzimi,LingyangDing,andJohnAnawati LeachingofNeodymiumfromRecycledNdFeBMagnetPowders UsingCitricAcid .................................................. 15 SrujanRokkam,QuangTruong,JonasBaltrusaitis,andManojSilva SeparationofRareEarthElementsfromMonaziteViaSulfidation ..... 27 CasparStinn, VasuKaker, ZacharyKennethAdams, andAntoineAllanore ExperimentalInvestigationofLiquidMetalLeachingforRare EarthMagnetRecycling ........................................... 33 ChinenyeChinwegoandAdamPowell RecyclingofRareEarthElements(REEs)fromScrapNd-Fe-B Magnets .......................................................... 39 NityanandSingh, PankajKumarChoubey, RekhaPanda, RajeshKumarJyothi,andManisKumarJha PartII Processing for Precious Metals and Rare Metals/Electrochemical Processing for Rare Metals AnInnovativeHydrometallurgicalProcessforRecoveryofCritical andRareMetalsfromCopperAnodeSlimes ......................... 53 ShijieWang vii viii Contents RecoveryandEnrichmentofPlatinumGroupMetalsfromSpent AutomotiveCatalystsbyPyrometallurgy:AReview .................. 61 JibiaoHan, XianglinBai, QuanYang, BiaoWang, WangruiMa, YongLi,BinYang,XilongWu,andYuZhao EutecticFreezeCrystallizationforRecoveryofCobaltSulfate intheRecyclingofLi-IonBatteries .................................. 73 YiqianMa, AmandaSjögren, MichaelSvärd, XiongXiao, JamesGardner,RichardT.Olsson,andKerstinForsberg StudiesontheHydrometallurgicalRecoveryofMetalsfromUsed andEndofLifePCBs .............................................. 83 OmShankarDinkar, RekhaPanda, PankajKumarChoubey, ManisKumarJha,andBalramAmbade Extraction of Tungsten, Yttrium, and Uranium from Tantalum–Niobium Ore from Muchinga Province inZambia ........................................................ 95 MazwiDouglasMusowoya, YotamuRainfordStephenHara, FredrickChileshe,JanetMundundu,andStephenParirenyatwa ProductionofHigh-PurityMgMetalfromVariousMgOResources Through a Novel Electrolytic Process Using a Cu Cathode andVacuumDistillation ............................................ 105 Hyeong-JunJeoung,Tae-HyukLee,YoungjaeKim,Jin-YoungLee, YoungMinKim,ToruH.Okabe,Kyung-WooYi,andJungshinKang RecoveryofCopperMetalfromDiscardedPrintedCircuitBoards (PCBs)byHydrometallurgicalandElectrometallurgicalProcesses ..... 117 OmShankarDinkar, RukshanaParween, RekhaPanda, PankajK.Choubey,BalramAmbade,andManisKumarJha PartIII NewExtractantandBiometallurgicalProcessing New Insights on Titanium(IV) Speciation to Improve thePurificationofConcentratedPhosphoricAcid .................... 131 AlexandreChagnes,LucasMangold,HubertHalleux,andGérardCote Di-Phenols Functionalized Chitosan as Selective Adsorbents forExtractionofGermanium ....................................... 141 MadhavPatelandAthanasiosK.Karamalidis RecyclingofCopperandGoldfromWastePrintedCircuitBoards byLeachingFollowedbySolventExtraction ......................... 153 KamaleshKumarSinghandMudilaDhanunjayaRao Contents ix HydrometallurgicalExtractionofMolybdenumandRhenium fromMolybdeniteFlueDust ........................................ 161 SadiaIlyas, RajivRanjanSrivastava, HyunjungKim, HummaAkramCheema,andIjazAhmadBhatti RecoveryandSeparationofVanadiumandTungstenfromSpent SCRCatalystbyHydrometallurgical/HybridRoutes .................. 171 RajeshKumarJyothi, AnaBelenCuevaSola, JongHyukJeon, andJin-YoungLee RemovalofSeleniumfromChlorideMediaUsingBioadsorbent ....... 179 MohamedAbdallahandShafiqAlam Biosorption as a Vital Tool for Metal Recovery in Effluent Treatment:AReview .............................................. 185 ShilpaKalamaniBawkar, PramodK.Singh, PankajK.Choubey, RekhaPanda,JhumkiHait,andManisK.Jha PartIV ProcessDevelopmentandOptimization Formation of Different Zinc Oxide Crystal Morphologies UsingCelluloseasNucleationAgentintheWasteValorization andRecyclingofZn-IonBatteries ................................... 199 BillyW.Hoogendoorn, XiongXiao, VeerababuPolisetti, FritjofNilsson,KåreTjus,KerstinForsberg,andRichardT.Olsson Production of Micro-sized Metallic Tungsten Particles fromNaturalWolframiteandScheeliteviaSulfideChemistry ......... 209 CharlesBoury,SierraR.Green,andAntoineAllanore PurificationofanIndigenousBariteMineralforSustainability ofOperationintheNigerianOilandGasIndustries .................. 221 AlafaraA.Baba, FausatT.Akanji, RasheedA.Agava, AbdulGaniyuF.Alabi, AbdullahS.Ibrahim, KurangaI.Ayinla, MustaphaA.Raji,SeyiE.Adeboye,andMohammedS.Haruna PyrolysisofWastePrintedCircuitBoards:OptimizationUsing ResponseSurfaceMethodologyandCharacterizationofSolid Product ........................................................... 227 KurniawanKurniawan,SookyungKim,andJae-chunLee Characterization and Beneficiation of Nigerian Lithium Ore: AnOverview ...................................................... 239 FurqanAbdulfattah,MarkusDanielBwala,OladunniOyelolaAlabi, MusaGafaiSayyadi,andSuleimanBolajiHassan TantalumRecoveryTechniqueforRecyclingofTantalumCoated CompositeMaterials ............................................... 247 AkankshaGuptaandBrajendraMishra x Contents ReductionVolatilizationBehaviorofIndiumOxideinIndium-Tin Oxide(ITO)WastesUnderCO/CO Atmosphere ..................... 259 2 ZijianSu,YanWang,BinLei,andYuanboZhang PartV PosterSession EvolutionMechanismofVanadium-ContainingPhasesDuring SodiumRoastingofVanadiumSlagwithHighChromiumContent ..... 271 JieCheng, Hong-YiLi, DongHai, Xin-MianChen, JiangDiao, andBingXie Recovery of Vanadium from Vanadium Slag by Roasting withCaO-MgOCompositeAdditive ................................. 279 MingshuaiLuo,JunyiXiang,QingyunHuang,ShengquinZhang, andZenghaoLiu TheBehaviourofMinorMetalsinBOFSlagUnderDifferent Additives ......................................................... 287 G.Haslinger,M.Leuchtenmüller,andS.Steinlechner AuthorIndex ...................................................... 297 SubjectIndex ..................................................... 299