Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers

795 Pages·2001·20.75 MB·English

by  Michel J. F. Digonnet (ed.)

Rare-Earth-Doped
Fiber Lasers
and Amplifiers
Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
edited by
Michel J. F. Digonnet
Stanford University
Stanford, California
MarcelDekker,Inc. NewYork Basel
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Copyright ©2001 by Marcel Dekker,Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The first edition was published as Rare Earth Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers, Michel J. F.
Digonnet,ed.(MarcelDekker,Inc.,1993).
ISBN:0-8247-0458-4
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OPTICALENGINEERING
FoundingEditor
BrianJ.Thompson
UniversityofRochester
Rochester,NewYork
EditorialBoard
ToshimitsuAsakura NicholasF.Borrelli
Hokkai-GakuenUniversity Corning,Inc.
Sapporo,Hokkaido,Japan Corning,NewYork
ChrisDainty BahramJavidi
ImperialCollegeofScience, UniversityofConnecticut
Technology,andMedicine Storrs,Connecticut
London,England
MarkKuzyk HiroshiMurata
WashingtonStateUniversity TheFurukawaElectricCo.,Ltd.
Pullman,Washington Yokohama,Japan
EdmondJ.Murphy DennisR.Pape
JDS/Uniphase PhotonicSystemsInc.
Bloomfield,Connecticut Melbourne,Florida
JosephShamir DavidS.Weiss
Technion–IsraelInstitute HeidelbergDigitalL.L.C.
ofTechnology Rochester,NewYork
Hafai,Israel
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manJ.BergandJohnN.Lee
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L.M.Ireland,andJohnMartinLey
4. Single-ModeFiberOptics: PrinciplesandApplications,LucB.Jeunhomme
5. PulseCodeFormatsforFiberOpticalDataCommunication: BasicPrinciplesand
Applications,DavidJ.Morris
6. Optical Materials: An Introduction to Selection and Application, Solomon
Musikant
7. Infrared Methods for Gaseous Measurements: Theory and Practice, edited by
JodaWormhoudt
8. Laser Beam Scanning: Opto-Mechanical Devices, Systems, and Data Storage
Optics,editedbyGeraldF.Marshall
9. Opto-MechanicalSystemsDesign,PaulR.Yoder,Jr.
10. OpticalFiberSplicesandConnectors: TheoryandMethods,CalvinM.Millerwith
StephenC.MettlerandIanA.White
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W.Solarz,andJeffreyA.Paisner
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Bechtel
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18. HandbookofSolid-StateLasers, editedbyPeterK.Cheo
19. OpticalComputing: DigitalandSymbolic,editedbyRaymondArrathoon
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SecondEdition,RevisedandExpanded,LawrenceE.Murr
30. HandbookofInfraredOpticalMaterials,editedbyPaulKlocek
31. OpticalScanning,editedbyGeraldF.Marshall
32. Polymers for Lightwave and Integrated Optics: Technology and Applications,
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33. Electro-OpticalDisplays,editedbyMohammadA.Karim
34. MathematicalMorphologyinImageProcessing,editedbyEdwardR.Dougherty
35. Opto-MechanicalSystemsDesign:SecondEdition,RevisedandExpanded,Paul
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36. PolarizedLight:FundamentalsandApplications,EdwardCollett
37. RareEarthDopedFiberLasersandAmplifiers,editedbyMichelJ.F.Digonnet
38. SpeckleMetrology,editedbyRajpalS.Sirohi
39. Organic Photoreceptors for Imaging Systems, Paul M. Borsenberger and David
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71. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers: Second Edition, Revised and
Expanded,editedbyMichelJ.F.Digonnet
72. LensDesign:ThirdEdition,RevisedandExpanded,MiltonLaikin
73. Handbook of Optical Engineering, edited by Daniel Malacara and Brian J.
Thompson
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byArthurS.DiamondandDavidS.Weiss
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andExpanded,RonaldR.Willey
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From the Series Editor
IthasnowbeenasignificantnumberofyearssincethefirsteditionofRareEarthDoped
Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers was published in 1993 under the editorship of Michel J. F.
Digonnet.ItwasVolume37ofthisseriesofbooksonopticalengineering.Inthemodern
vernacularthis subject matterofrareearth dopedfibersandamplifiers ‘‘haslegs’’—that
is, it has vibrant currency and an outstanding future potential.
Agreatdealofprogresshasbeenmadeinthefieldsince1993,withnewtechnologi-
caldevelopmentsinbothlasersandamplifiersleadinginturntoawiderwavelengthrange
andhigher bandwidths. The impactofthesedevelopments hasprovided amajor impetus
to the rapidly expanding communications business; hence the new edition has been sig-
nificantly revised and expanded.The original edition had 13 contributingauthors for the
12chapters.Sixofthesesameexpertshavecontributedtothenewedition,togetherwith
another12 colleagues equallyexpertand involvedwiththis field.There arestilla dozen
chapters, but their organization and often their titles have changed to reflect the state of
the art.
Therevisedandexpandedtextwillbethenewdefinitiveworkinthisfieldforsome
time to come.
Brian J. Thompson
iii

Preface to the Second Edition
Ithas beenmorethaneightyearssincethefirstcomprehensive bookonrare earthdoped
fibers,RareEarthDopedFiberLasersandAmplifiers,appearedinprint.Sincethattime,
considerable work on the general subject of rare earth doped fibers has been carried out
aroundtheworld,inbothacademicandindustrialenvironments,andinbothresearchand
R&D.Although this efforthas covered alarge numberof devices,nonehas experienced
amoreresoundingsuccessthantheerbium-dopedfiberamplifier(EDFA).Thisamplifier
exhibited such unique, near-ideal characteristics, and the need of the communication in-
dustry for such a device was so strong, that the EDFA has evolved from a laboratory
prototypetoamaturefielddeviceinjustafewyears.EDFAsnowconstitutethekeystone
of a new breed of long-haul optical communication systems based entirely on optical
fibers. Since the mid-1980s, fiber links up to thousands of kilometers in length, each
utilizingdozensofEDFAstoperiodicallyreplenishtheopticalsignals,havebeendeployed
across oceans and between major cities in several countries. These novel systems, with
their enormous bandwidththatcan ultimatelyreach thousands ofgigabits ofinformation
per second, are now competing directly with long-established communication technolo-
gies. EDFAs have also become important research tools, and they are being used in a
varietyofotheropticalsystems,asreflectedbythefactthattheyarecommerciallyavail-
able from dozens of manufacturers worldwide.
Several other areas of research have also produced astounding new results. Work
on the praseodymium-doped fluoride fiber amplifier has resulted in the development of
the first fiber amplifier at 1.3 µm for second-window communication applications. New
laser cavity designs have led to fiber lasers with record narrow linewidths in the few
kilohertzrange.Novelfibergratingshavealsobeendevelopedthat,whencombinedwith
astandardEDFA,produceanimprovedamplifierexhibitingagainspectrumthatisinde-
pendentofsignalwavelength,anessentialfeatureincommunicationnetworks.Broadband
fibersourceshavealsobeengreatlyimproved.Therehavealsobeenimpressivenewfind-
ingsinblue-greenfiberlasers,farinfraredlasers,mode-lockedandQ-switchedfiberlasers,
andthestudyoftheimpactofrareearthconcentrationandclusteringondeviceefficiency,
to name a few.
v