Rapid rural appraisal, participatory rural appraisal and aquaculture

118 Pages·1996·4.4 MB·English

by  Townsley, Phillip

•SNM2MMS
Rapid rural appraisal, FISHERFIAEOS/
TECHNICAL
participatory rural appraisal PAPER
andaquaculture
IIIIIIItFaAOoUNfhgrnanoergitdoiatidcneouidnlzstautrieon
Rapid rural appraisal,
participatory rural appraisal
and aquaculture 358
by
PhilipTownsley
Consultant
Viterbo,Italy
aFnodod
otOAUNfhrgnaergitiaticneouidnlzstautrieon
Rome,1996
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®FAO1996
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PREPARATIONOFTHISDOCUMENT
TheFisheryResourcesDivisionoftheFAOFisheriesDepartment regularly
publishestechnicaldocumentationrelevantforthepromotionofsustainablefisheries
andaquaculturedevelopment. Thisdocumenthasbeenpreparedinresponseto
increasinginterestandenquiriesfrompeopleworkinginaquacultureregarding
RapidRuralAppraisalandParticipatoryRuralAppraisal.Thedocumentisintended
forbothfieldworkersandplannersinvolvedinaquaculturedevelopment,whether
ininlandorcoastalareas. Conunentsandsuggestionswouldbeappreciatedand
shouldbesenttotheFisheryResourcesOfficer(AquaticEnvironment),Inland
WaterResourcesandAquacultureService(FIRl),FisheriesDepartment,FAO,
Rome.
This document was prepared by Philip Townsley, undertheguidance and
suggestionsofM.Martinez-EspinosaandU.BargoftheInlandWaterResources
andAquacultureService,FAOFisheriesDepartment,andafterdiscussionswith
manyotherFAOstaffmembers,aswellaswithE.HarrisonfromtheUniversityof
Sussex,U.K.
Distribution:
DirectorsofFisheriesandAquaculture
FAORegionalFisheriesCommissionsandWorkingGroups
Aquaculture(MarineandFreshwater)
FAOFisheriesDepartment
FAORegionalFisheryOfficers
FAOSustainableRuralDevelopmentDivision
FAOExtensionDivision
FAOInter-DepartmentalWorkingGrouponEnvironmentandSustainable
Development
NetworkofAquacultureCentresinAsiaandPacificRegion(NACA)
AquacultureforLocalCommunityDevelopmentProgramme(ALCOM)
InlandandcoastalaquaculturedevelopmentprojectsexecutedbyFAO
Interestedinternationalorganizationsandinstitutions
-rhl.» on»
9372-J8T-4JFF:jyr.ig,h,ted.mat,.n.al,
Townsley,P.
Rapidruralappraisal,participatoryruralappraisalandaquaculture.
FAOFisheriesTechnicalPaper.No.358. Rome,FAO. 1996, 109p.
ABSTRACT
Thisdocumentisintendedforaquaculturedevelopmentspecialists,aquaculture
project managers, and officials and specialists involved in the planning and
managementofaquacultureactivities. Itisintendedtoprovideanintroductionto
RapidRuralAppraisal(RRA)andParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)forpeople
workinginthesefields. Theprincipalcomponentsofthesetwoapproachesto
informationcollectionandplanningaredescribedalongwiththevarioustoolsused
withacasestudytoillustratetheiruseandsomeoftheissuestheyraise.Possible
applicationsoftheapproachesforthoseinvolvedinaquaculturedevelopmentare
givenandanoutlineprovidedofthesortsofplanningandinstitutionalcontextwhere
theycanbestbeapplied.Theproblemsandshortcomingsoftheapproachesarealso
discussedandguidelinesgivenfortheuseofalternativeapproachestoinformation
gatheringandplanning.
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CONTENTS
Page
L INTRODUCTION I
7?2„.21 WRAIhRCNyACSROOFRMIOAtaRT?nHdSEMsmRAaNlLlALwFaWtTeAHrCTbAoKdiR:eAsBiCOnADSSoYuEtDhSeETrnVUEADfLYriOcaPMENT i33
2.3 TrvinRouttheRRAapproach 5
2.4 RRAtechniques 7
2.5 RRAfindings 13
2.6 “Aquaculture”RRAs 17
1 WHATISRAPIDRUR.\LAPPR.MSAL? 12
3.1 RRAguidelines 20
3.2 “Participation”andRRA 23
33.34 RStRreAngttohoslsan:danweoavkenrevsiseewsofRRA 2236
3.5 RRAandformalsurveys 28
32_.26 RRRRAAst:eathmessequenceandtimingofactivities 3314
4. TYPESOFRRA 38
4.1 ExploratoryRRAs 38
4.2 TopicalRRAs 39
4.3 MonitoringandevaluationRRAs 40
4.4 “Participatorv”RRAs 40
5. ADDRESSINGAQUACULTUREISSUESWITHRRA 41
51 I.andandwatertenure 42
5? Environmentalfactors 43
5.3 Seasonality 45
5.4 Targetgroupidentification 45
55 Socialandculturalfactors 47
56 Genderissues 49
5.7 Ageissues 52
58 Institutionalis.sues 52
59 Marketsanddemand 54
510Fisheriescreditandmarketingsystems 55
5II Foodorcash 56
5m1.?C1ojinhcnliiursiaonndtimeuse 57
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i. PARTICIPATORYRURALAPPRAISAL _S2
6.1 PRAor“Participatory”RRA 59
6.2 PRA-toolsandprocess 61
6.3 AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofPRA 62
6.4 Istheresuchathingasan“aquaculture”PRA? 67
65 PRAteams 67
7. RRA,PRAANDAQUACULTUREPLANNING 69
7.1 Sectoraldevelopmentplanning 69
7.2 Integrateddevelopmentplanning 72
7.3 Participatorydevelopmentplanning 74
7.4 IncorporatingRRAandPRAintoaquaculture
developmentplanning 76
8^CONCLUSION 80
BIBLIOGRVPIIY 81
APPENDIXI-TIIF.IILSTORYOFRRAANDPRA 85
APPENDIX2-RR\TOOLS 21
LISTOFTABLES
1, Doinsci3plsimnaelsl,wiantsteirtubtoidoinessainndZgiemnbdearbwbereakdownforRRAteams 6
2. Landandwatertenure-RRAtools 43
3. Environmentalfactors-RRAtools 44
4. Seasonality-RRAtools 45
65.. TSoacrigaelt-agnrdocuupltiudreanltiffaicctaotrison--RRRRAAtotoolosls 4468
7. Genderissues-RRAtools 49
8. Institutionalissues-RRAtools S3
9. Marketsanddemand-RRAtools 55
10. Fisheriescreditandmarketingsystems-RRAtools 56
11. Foodorcash-RRAtools 56
12. Labourandtime-use-RRAtechniques 57
111534... RRPaRRrtAAicaaipnnaddtoPPrRRyAAplffaoonrrniaanqqguuaafccruuallmttuuerrweeor::ksienctteogrraaltepdlapnlnainnniggffrraammeewwoorrkk 777789
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02S11
LISTOFFIGURES
Page
21.. DSiksettacnhcemacpharotfoarfecaoamrmouunnidtiCehsiucthilciwsiongDaTamr,uZDiammb,abZwiembabwe 111
3. TransectofFunyeRivercatchmentarea,nearChichewoDam,
Zimbabwe 12
4. HistoricaltransectofFunyeRivercatchmentarea,
nearChichewoDam,Zimbabwe 1
5. Rankingofpreferencesfordifferentfishspecies:MwenjeDam,
Zimbabwe 14
6. Seasonalcalendarshowingavailabilityoffish,vegetables
andwildfoods,TaruDam,Zimbabwe 14
7. Seasonaldailyactivitychartsformenandwomen,
Dzinavenevillage,Zimbabwe 1
8. TimelineillustratinghistoricalchangesatTaruDam,Zimbabwe IS
9. Venndiagrammeshowinginstitutionsandagenciesconcerned
withdammanagementatMwenjeDam,Zimbabwe 16
10. RRATools 25
11. FonnalSurveyMethods 29
12. ThePRAProcess 62
13. SectoralPlanningMechanismsforAquaculture 7
14. IntegratedPlanningMechanismsforAquaculture 73
15. ParticipatoryPlanningMechanismsforAquaculture 75
LISTOFBOXES
21.. RRRRAAgguuiiddeelliinneessforaquaculturists 222
3. AdoptingRRAtechniquestolocalcircumstances 24
4. RRAinBangladesh 27
65.. RAR“tAyptiecaalm”-RkReyAqsueeqsutieonncse 3335
7. UsesofexploratoryRRAs 38
8. UsesoftopicalRRj\s 39
9. UsesofmonitoringandevaluationRRAs 40
10. ChangesinlandtenureinTanzania 42
1121.. APoqtueanctuilaltudrieffiemrpeanccetssboentwweoemneRnRinABaanndglPaRdeAsh 6500
13. PRAinIndia 66
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1. INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
Peopleinvolvedinplanningdevelopmentwork,includingaquaculture,
requireawiderangeofinformation.RRAandPRAweredeveloped,at
leastinitially,astoolstohelpdevelopmentworkerscollectcertaintypes
ofinformationmoreeffectively. They.shouldheregardedasoneofa
rangeofpossibleapproachestoinformationcollectionandplanning.
Peopleworkingindevelopment,\vhate\ertheirfield,needinformationinorderto
planwhattheydo Besidestheinformationwhichpeoplecangetfromtheir
technicalbackgroundandtraining,andtheirexperience,theyalsoshouldhave
informationabouttheareaswheretheyareworking,localconditions,theculture,
socialandeconomiccircumstancesofthepeoplewhoarebeingaffectedbywhat
theydo
Aquacultureworkersarenoexception Peopleplanningaquaculturedevelopment
havealwaysrequiredcertainbasicinformationabouttheenvironmentinwhichthey
areworkingandthevariousphysicalfactorswhicharelikelytoaffectaquaculture
activities Moreandmoreaquacultureworkersarenowrealisingtheimportanceof
understandingthesocial,economicandculturalcontextofwhateverprojectsor
interventionstheyareinvolvedin.
Obviously thetype ofinformation needed depends on the activities which
aquacultureplannershaveinmindForexample,ifyouareplanningasmall-scale
pilot project to demonstrate a particular aquaculture technique the sort of
informationyouneedisgoingtobeverydifferentfromwhatyouwouldrequireif
youwereorganisingalarge-scaleprogrammetointroducecommercialfishfarming
onaregionallevel.
Butthebasicquestionswhichaquacultureworkers(likealldevelopmentworkers)
havetraditionallyaskedthemselveswhentheyaredecidingontheirinformation
needshavetendedtobethesameinmostsituations
• whatinformationisalreadyavailable?
• whatdon’tweknowabouttheareawhereaquacultureisbeingplannedorthe
targetgroupitisbeingplannedfor’’
• howcanIgoaboutfindingoutwhatIdon’tknow?
•• hhoowwmlouncghisisititggooiinnggtototacokset??
Differentorganisationshave,inthepast,tendedtorespondtothesequestionsin
differentways Alltoooften,factorssuchasthenumberofpeopleavailablefor
work,limitsonthetimeavailableforcollectinginformationandplanninganda
shortageofbasicinputslikemoneyandtransport,dictatethewayinwhichpeople
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answerthesequestions Collectinginformationinthefieldcanbecostlyandtime-
consuming
Butevenwhereresourcesandtimehavebeenavailable,therangeofpossibilities
andtoolswhichplannershavehadattheirdisposaltocollecttheinformationthey
needhasbeenlimited.
Thecase-studyinChapter2 showshowonegroupofpeopleworkingin
aquaculturedealt withthis problemusingRapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), a
relativelynewapproachwhichprovidesplannersinallfieldsofdevelopment,
includingaquaculture,withanalternativetoolforcollectingtheinformationthey
needtoplantheiractivities
RapidRuralAppraisalorRRA(andParticipatoryRuralAppraisalorPRA
developscertainaspectsofRRAbutisquitedifferentinemphasis)canalsobe
tmoucRhRAmoranedthPaRnAjusatre‘‘taotodoolwfiorthcotlhleecetxitnegntintfoorwmhaitcihon”locaTlhpeesoepl“eexptlraay”tdhiemelnesaidoinnsg
roleincollectingandanalysinginformationandhowthesemoreparticipatory
approachestolearninginthefieldleadontoaprocessofparticipatory,“bottom-
up”planning
ManypeopleworkingwithRRA,andparticularlyPRA,wouldregardthese“extra”
dimensionsasbeingbyfarthemostimportantelementsinRRAandPRA
approaches Certainly,usingparticipatorytoolsforinformationcollectionand
planningcanhaveverywide-rangingimplicationsforthewholedevelopment
processandtheseimplicationswillbediscussedatgreaterlengthinthefollowing
chapters.Butformanypeopleinvolvedindevelopmentwork,theirfirstencounter
withRRAandPRAisameansofcollectinginformationmorequicklyandmore
effectivelyandusingitforplanningdevelopment.Sothisaspectoftheapproachhas
beentakenasthestartingpoint
ItalsoneedstobeunderstoodthatRRAisjust“atool” Itisnotasolutiontoall
theproblemsandissuesencounteredindevelopment.Itisnotevenasolutiontoall
theproblemsofinformationcollectionfordevelopment Itissimplyanalternative
approachwhich,insomecircumstances,canusefiillybeapplied.
Inthefollowingchapters,therelevanceofRRAandPRAforworkersinaspecific
technicalfield,aquaculture,willbedescribed. Thiswillincludeareviewofwhat
RRAandPRAare,howtheycouldbeusedbyprofessionalsworkinginaquaculture
andthecircumstancesinwhichtheyareapplicable Butfirstofall,thosewhoare
notfamiliarwithRRAmayfinditeasiertogetageneralpictureofwhatitisby
lookingatthecasestudyinChapter2.
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