Range Extensions of Birds in Southeastern Amazonia

6 Pages·2000·2.8 MB·English

by  Alexandre Aleixo

Wilson Bull., 112(1), 2000, pp. 137-142 2
RANGE EXTENSIONS OF BIRDS IN SOUTHEASTERN AMAZONIA
ALEXANDRE ALEIXO,145 BRET M. WHITNEY, AND DAVID C. OREN2
—
ABSTRACT. We report range extensions of Caprimulgus sericocaudatus, Automolus ochrolaemus, Dichro-
zonu cincta, Poecilotriccus andrei, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda, Ramphotrigon megacephala, Turdus lawrencii,
and Euphonia chrysopasta for Pinkaiti and Gorotire, east of the Xingu River, southeastern Para State, Brazil.
The distributional status ofthe following species in southeastern Amazonia is also discussed: Nonnula ruficapilla,
Synallaxis cherriei, and Simoxenops ucayalae. The new records we report suggest that the patchy distribution
of some birds in eastern Amazonia, such as species associated with bamboo, can be explained by a complex
mosaic of habitats at the eastern and southern fringes of the Amazonian basin. The range extensions we report
demonstrate that areas inventoried a long time ago, before an emphasis on vocal identification of species, and
assumed to be “well known", can in fact turn out to be ornithologically undersampled. Received 5 April 1999.
accepted 30 Oct. 1999.
—
RESUMO. Registrants extensoes de distribui?ao para o sudeste da Amazonia, localidades de Pinkaiti e
Gorotire, oeste do rio Xingu, estado do Para, para as seguintes especies: Caprimulgus sericocaudatus, Automolus
ochrolaemus. Dichrozona cincta, Poecilotriccus andrei, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda, Ramphotrigon megacephala,
Turdus lawrencii e Euphonia chrysopasta. Tambem discutimos registros para o sudeste da Amazonia das se-
guintes especies: Nonnula ruficapilla, Synallaxis cherriei, e Simoxenops ucayalae. A distribui^ao de habitats na
forma de mosaicos no leste e sul da Amazonia pode explicar a distribui^ao localizada de algumas especies de
aves na regiao, como especies associadas a manchas de taboca. Nossas extensoes de distribuigao demonstram
que areas na Amazonia exploradas ha muito tempo, antes do estudo e documenta5ao acustica da avifauna, e
consideradas bem conhecidas ornitologicamente. sao na realidade ainda sub-amostradas.
The bird fauna of eastern Amazonia have several are the first reports from the State of
been surveyed since the beginning of the Para, Brazil.
1900s (Snethlage 1914, Griscom and Green-
METHODS AND STUDY AREA
way 1941, Novaes 1960). Nevertheless, range
extensions of many species and even descrip- The first site surveyed was Gorotire (07°43' S,
tions of new species and subspecies continue 51° IT W), on the banks of Fresco River, an eastern
to be reported recently for eastern Amazonia tributary of the Xingu River, in the ecological transition
(Graves and Zusi 1990, Novaes 1991, Silva et zone between evergreen and semideciduous forests and
oalf. t1h9e9r5e)giroenvaelalaivnigfaaunna.inHceormeplweeterekpnoorwtlreadnggee cvsieetryereadsde,oe.aObFrooeurntdea1tna5di0lsSkiomlnvantho(er1t9v8he7wg)ee.sttaTthoiefonGstoeyrcpootenisdrfe,soiutinesdwkiennostwuhrin-s
extensions and noteworthy records of birds locally as Pinkaiti (07°46' S, 51° 58' W. about 360 m
from two sites in southeastern Amazonia lo- elevation, on the right bank ofRiozinho River, a second-
cated within the Kayapo Indigenous Reserve. order eastern bank tributary of the Xingu River). This
These sites, known as Pinkaiti and Gorotire, area is approximately 20 km upstream on the Riozinho
are between the rivers Xingu and Araguaia/ River from the Kayapo village of A'ukre in the northern
Tocantins, southeastern Para State, Brazil sector of the Kayapo Indigenous Reserve. From an avi-
faunal perspective, Pinkaiti comprises three major hab-
(Fig. 1). Most of our records represent range itats: the river itself, forest and “viny" bamboo on the
extensions into the Xingu River drainage and river floodplain, which at the study site is about 200 m
wide; and terra firme forest. Forest in the area is largely
1 Pos-gradua^ao em Ecologia, Universidade Estad- undisturbed, although selective logging in the immedi-
ual de Campinas, CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campi- ate vicinity of the study site has left numerous canopy
nas, SP. Brazil. light gaps and some patches ofextensive brushy growth.
2 Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State Univ., Narrow trails provide limited access to all habitats (the
19 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-3216. dominant habitat, terra firme forest, is transected by sev-
1
3 Depto. de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emflio Goel- eral good trails). The terra firme forest at Pinkaiti is
di, Caixa Postal 399. 66017-970, Belem, PA, Brazil. classified as open terra firme forest (high structural het-
4 Corresponding author. erogeneity with small cerrado enclaves), a vegetation
5 Current address: Museum of Natural Science and type characteristic of the dry-belt arch of transitional
Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State forest mosaic of southern Amazonia (Pires and Prance
University, 19 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803- 1985). For a descriptive account on the vegetation of
1
3216. E-mail: [email protected] Pinkaiti see Peres and Baider (1997).
137
138 THE WILSON BULLETIN • Vol. /12, No. 1. March 2000
LIG. 1. Localities in the Brazilian Amazon with coordinates cited in the text. Stars denote localities visited
by the authors, whereas circles depict those localities cited in the literature or available from material deposited
at the ornithological collection of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil. I = Gorotire, PA; 2
= Pinkaiti, PA; 3 = Santana do Araguaia, PA; 4 = Santarem, PA; 5 = Serra dos Carajas, PA; 6 = Lazenda
Rancho Grande, Ariquemes. RO; 7 = Alta Lloresta. MT; 8 = Peixoto de Azevedo, MT; 9 = Caxiuana National
Lorest, PA; 10 = Altamira, PA; = Jacunda, PA.
1 1
Lield work at Gorotire was carried out by D.C.O. be deposited at Arquivo Sonoro Elias P. Coelho
from 6-27 September 1983 and from 16 May to 6 June (ASEC, UFRJ. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and LNS. Field
1985. Specimens were collected with shotgun and observations and specimens collection at the study
mist-nets, and deposited in the bird collection of the sites were supplemented with study of specimens from
Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil different localities throughout southeastern Amazonia
(hereafter MPEG). Pinkaiti has been an active research deposited at the MPEG.
site of Conservation International, Washington, D.C. For passerine birds, we followed the nomenclature
for several years, and most of A.A.’s and B.M.W.’s and English names adopted by Ridgely and Tudor
observations were made within a few kilometers of (1989, 1994). Meyer de Schauensee (1982) was the
this base camp. Field work, mostly on foot, by A.A. source of non-passerine Latin and English names. Lo-
and B.M.W. was carried out during three periods: 22- calities with coordinates mentioned in the text are de-
26 September 1994, 22-27 September 1995 (B.M.W.), picted in Fig. 1.
and 5 September—3 October 1996 (A.A.). A small sam-
ple (36 specimens) of selected taxa was collected with SPECIES ACCOUNTS
a shotgun and 12 m mist-nets by B.M.W. and D. Pi-
mmeenntselarNeedteopoosfittehde iMnPthEeGmudsueruinmg. T19a9p5e.rTehcoersdeinsgpsecbiy- cauSdilaktyu-sta—ileTdhiNsigphotojralry, Ckanporiwmnulcgaupsrismeurl'igciod-
A.A. are deposited at Arquivo Sonoro Neotropical was obse.rved and tape recorded in terra firma
(ASN, Campinas, Brazil) and Library of Natural
Sounds, Cornell Laboratory ofOrnithology (LNS), Ith- forest at Pinkaiti during all three visits. Indi-
m
aca, New York. B.M.W.’s tape recordings are or will viduals sang from perches within 1.5 of the
.
Aleixo et al. • AMAZONIA RANGE EXTENSIONS 139
ground (but not on the ground) along trails (Zimmer et al. 1997). Novaes and Lima
and in small understory openings. Foraging (1990) provided no data on habitat utilization
moves shortly after dark were rapid upward for N. ruficapilla in the lower Rio Peixoto de
sallies of 2-3 m from the same low perches Azevedo region (10° 10' S, 54° 50' W), about
as used for singing. Several birds responded 390 km southwest of Pinkaiti. Although it
agressively to tape recorded playback in Sep- may be closely associated with bamboo lo-
tember. Only one other record of this nightjar cally, in northern Amazonian Peru south of
is available for eastern Amazonia, a specimen the Maranon River, N. ruficapilla inhabits sea-
from Santarem, Para (02° 26' S, 54° 42' W; sonally flooded and lake-edge forest with no
Griscom and Greenway 1941), situated on the bamboo present (B.M.W., pers. obs.).
right bank of the Tapajos River near its mouth. Chestn—ut-throated Spinetail, Synallaxis
Our records extend the range of this nightjar cherriei. The Chestnut-throated Spinetail
about 480 km southeastward, indicating a was a common bird at forest edges and around
large distributional range in the lower Ama- tangled treefalls in terra firme forest at Pin-
zonian basin. Other Amazonian records are kaiti. We observed the species in the same
clustered in eastern Peru: Pucallpa and Yari- types of habitats described by Oren and Silva
nacocha (Loreto Department; Dickerman (1987) in eastern Amazonia, near Gorotire.
1974), Manu National Park (J. Arvin, pers. Zimmer and co-authors (1997) reported that
comm.), Tambopata (Mcquenn, pers. comm.), S. cherriei was restricted to stands of bamboo
northern Bolivia: Rio Heath (Parker et al. in the Alta Floresta region and that the pre-
1991), and Tuichi River in Madidi National sumably closely related Ruddy Spinetail (S
Park, La Paz Department (B.M.W., pers. obs.). rutilcins) inhabited dense tangles in forest in-
Tape recordings of birds from Pinkaiti and terior light-gaps. Both species are sympatric
widely disjunct eastern Peru and northern Bo- at Serra dos Carajas (6° 00' S, 51° 20' W),
livia sound quite similar (B.M.W., pers. obs.), where they are uncommon around dense tree-
but have not been examined in detail. falls and other tangled vegetation, neither ap-
Rufous-capped Nimlet, Nonnula ruficapil- pearing to be restricted to bamboo (B.M.W,
—
la. Novaes (1991) first reported this species pers. obs.).
east of the Xingu River, at Jacunda (4° 35' S, Pe—ruvian Recurvebill, Simoxenops ucaya-
49° 34' W; eastern bank of the Tocantins Riv- lae. This species was first reported for two
er), Para and assigned it to a new subspecies locations of southeastern Amazonia by Sick
(N. r. inundata). Additional specimens assign- (1997): Serra dos Carajas and Gorotire. These
able to N. r. inundata were collected (June records are incorrectly based on Oren and Sil-
and August 1992) by D.C.O. and D. Pimentel va (1987), who dealt exclusively with the dis-
Neto farther south at Santana do Araguaia tribution of Synallaxis cherriei and not Si-
(9° 50' S, 50° 15' W; MPEG 48564-48566; moxenops ucayalae. There are no known field
two males, one female, all adults not actively records or specimens of S. ucayalae for Go-
reproductive when collected). This species rotire (Novaes 1960). Sick’s (1997) citation is
seems to be uncommon at Pinkaiti, although based on an adult male collected on 19 May
irtecwoarsdednobtyedB.dMu.rWi.n)g.aIltlitnhhraebeitssubrovtehyster(rtaapfier-- (169°8060'at SP,oju5c1a°,20i'n tWhe)Sednepaos5diotXsed3CaratajaMsPaEreGa
me and river-edge forest, in or near dense sub- (38156; mass 50 g; gonads mm) and
canopy vine tangles, especially around tree- reported to him by D.C.O.
falls and other light gaps. It has been found The Peruvian Recurvebill has also been re-
in a similar habitat along the Parauapebas Riv- ported for Altamira in the lower Xingu River
er at the foot of the Serra dos Carajas (6° 00' (3° 39' S, 52° 22' W; Graves and Zusi 1990).
S, 51° 20' W; B.M.W., pers. obs.) and at Fa- about 250 km northwest of Serra dos Carajas,
zenda Rancho Grande, near Ariquemes (9J 56' and Alta Floresta (9° 41' S, 55° 54' W; Zim-
S, 63° 04' W), Rondonia (Zimmer et al. 1997). mer et al. 1997). Another eastern Amazonian
(MPEG
In the Alta Floresta region of northern Mato specimen, from Santarem 32018), is
Grosso (9° 41' S, 55° 54' W), N. ruficapilla thought to be mislabeled (Novaes 1978). No-
has been found in bamboo thickets and in vaes (1978) considered that this specimen
vine-rich terra firme forest without bamboo probably came from Acre state instead of San-
140 THE WILSON BULLETIN • Vol. /12, No. /. March 2000
tarem because up to that date, the only records 1994. B.M.W. also tape recorded and ob-
available for this species in Amazonia were served this species at the Ferreira Penna Sci-
from southeastern Peru (upper Rio Ucayali entific Station of the MPEG in the Caxiuana
and Madre de Dios; Meyer de Schauensee National Forest (1°24' S, 51° 27' W) on 30
1982), close to the border with the Brazilian May 1997, where specimens were collected
state of Acre. The well documented records of by Silva (1998). These appear to be the only
Serra dos Carajas and Altamira prove un- records east of the Xingu River (Griscom and
equivocally that S. ucayalae occurs, at least Greenway 1941, Sick 1997). Among sites
locally, in eastern Amazonia. Thus, it is pos- across southeastern Amazonia, Alta Floresta
sible that the record of S. ucayalae for San- seems to have been inventoried most thor-
tarem (roughly 230 km west of Altamira) is oughly and the apparent absence of D. cincta
correct. in this area may be real (Zimmer et al. 1997).
Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner, Automolus Black-chestecl Tyrant, Poecilotriccus an-
— —
ochrolaemus. This is the first published re- drei. A rare and patchily distributed bird in
port of this species for the Xingu River drain- Amazonia (see summary in Sick 1997), with
age. Three specimens assignable to the sub- most records coming from the eastern part of
species auricularis were collected in 1985 the basin, which seems to be the species’
near Gorotire by D.C.O. and D. Pimentel Neto stronghold (Novaes 1978, Sick 1997). A.A.
(MPEG 37074-37076). A.A. tape recorded saw one female at Pinkaiti, identified by its
and B.M.W. observed pairs of this foliage- distinct blackish crest and wide yellowish
gleaner as they accompanied mixed-species band across primaries, secondaries, and tertia-
flocks in the understory of terra firme forest ries. The bird was perched quietly for 30 s
m
in Pinkaiti. Three more recent specimens from about 1.5 above ground in a large forest
the Xingu River drainage (MPEG 48717- gap dominated by vine-tangles. This is the
48719) were collected in 1992 at Santana do southernmost record so far reported for this
Araguaia, about 250 km southeast of Pinkaiti. species. Poecilotriccus andrei has been also
This species is distributed widely, from collected at Serra dos Carajas (MPEG 37287;
Central America to Amazonia on both sides no mass or gonad information), about 200 km
of the Solimoes-Amazonas rivers (Meyer de northeast of Pinkaiti.
Schauensee 1982, Ridgely and Tudor 1994). Large-he—aded Flatbill, Ramphotrigon me-
South of the Solimoes-Amazonas rivers, the gacephala On 27 May 1985, a female was
.
easternmost population reported previously collected by D.C.O. and M. S. Brfgida in Go-
(A. o. auricularis) inhabits the lower Peixoto rotire (MPEG 37170; mass 12.5 g; small go-
de Azevedo River region (10° 10' S, 54° 50' nads). The bird was found in a bamboo patch
W) in northern Mato Grosso (Novaes and surrounded by secondary forest. This repre-
Lima 1990), about 390 km southwest of Pin- sents the first published record of R. mega-
kaiti. This foliage-gleaner was classified as cephala for eastern Amazonia and Para State.
uncommon to fairly common around Alta Flo- Like R. fuscicauda, the nearest locality where
resta, near the head of the Tapajos drainage R. megacephala has been reported previously
(Zimmer et al. 1997). is Alta Floresta in northern Mato Grosso State
Despite fairly extensive coverage, A. och- (9° 41' S, 55° 54' W; Aleixo 1997), 490 km
rolaemus has not been recorded in the Serra southwest of Gorotire.
dos Carajas area (Pacheco and Fonseca, un- Dusk—y-tailed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon fusci-
publ. data; M. Cohn-Haft, pers. comm.). Our cauda. This species was tape recorded in
field observations and the habitat information 1995 and 1996 at Pinkaiti (B.M.W. and A.A.),
recorded on labels of the three specimens col- providing the first documented records for
lected in Santana do Araguaia, suggest that Para and the Xingu River drainage. The near-
this species may be linked to riverine habitats est locality where this flatbill had been re-
in eastern Amazonia. — ported previously is Alta Floresta, about 450
Banded Antbird, Dichrozona cincta. Our km southwest of Pinkaiti, where it was con-
only record was of a single individual tape sidered a bamboo specialist (Zimmer et al.
recorded and observed in lightly disturbed ter- 1997). The Dusky-tailed Flatbill is an uncom-
ra firme forest at Pinkaiti on 24 September mon bird at Pinkaiti, inhabiting dense places
—
AMAZONIA RANGE EXTENSIONS 141
Aleixo et al. •
in the upper understory (generally 2-6 m imagery data in Prance and Brown 1987).
above ground) of terra firme and floodplain This region includes a highly complex mosaic
forest, often near trail edges or other light of biotopes, including scattered enclaves,
gaps. Over most of its wide but patchy distri- some extensive, of cerrado, bamboo, Campi-
bution, R. fuscicauda is found in but not re- nas, and gallery forest. This mosaic is char-
stricted to bamboo (Parker et al. 1997, Kratter acterise of the broadly defined Transition for-
1997). est (sensu Prance and Brown 1987) at the
Lawrence's Thrush, Turdus lawrencii southern periphery of Amazonia.
.
This forest thrush was tape recorded and col- The patchy distribution of the different hab-
lected at Pinkaiti (MPEG 52326) by B.M.W. itats comprising Transition forest in eastern
on 25 September 1995, providing the first re- Amazonia may account for the localized oc-
port for Para and the Xingu River drainage. currence of some species. Species like Simox-
Another individual was heard singing nearby. enops ucayalae, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda,
The nearest locality where this bird had been and R. megacephala are reported to be highly
ereported was in the lower Peixoto de Azev- associated with Guadua spp. bamboo patches
edo River region (10° 10' S, 54° 50' W), upper in western Amazonia (Kratter 1997, Parker et
Tapajos River drainage, in northern Mato al. 1997). In southwestern Amazonia, bamboo
Grosso (Novaes and Lima 1990). It was con- dominated forests cover an extensive and rath-
sidered uncommon at nearby Alta Floresta re- er continuous area of aproximately 180,000
gion (Zimmer et al. 1997). km2 about evenly divided between Brazil and
,
White-lored Euphonia, Euphonia chryso- Peru (Nelson 1994). In contrast, patches of
—
pasta. An individual tape recorded and brief- bamboo are less numerous and more locally
ly seen by A.A. at Pinkaiti on 25 September distributed in southeastern Amazonia in gen-
1996 is the only record of this species from eral (RADAMBRASIL satellite imagery data
the Xingu River drainage. The only records in Prance and Brown 1987). This may explain
from farther east are from the plateau region why bamboo associated species have a patch-
of Serra dos Carajas (B.M.W. and R. Webster, ier distribution in eastern than western Ama-
pers. obs.), 200 km northeast of Pinkaiti. The zonia.
nearest documented record for this euphonia Our records of “obligate” and “near-obli-
comes from the lower Peixoto de Azevedo gate” bamboo specialist birds (sensu Kratter
River region (10° 10' S, 54° 50' W), upper Ta- 1997), such as Nonnula ruficapilla and Ram-
pajos River drainage, where one specimen photrigonfuscicauda, in vegetation other than
was collected (Novaes and Lima 1990). Guadua spp. bamboo patches, also demon-
strate that the degree of association with
DISCUSSION
Guadua bamboo can vary geographically in
The range extensions we report and those Amazonia. Indeed, Kratter (1997) acknowl-
reported elsewhere for eastern Amazonia edged that most bamboo specialist birds prob-
(Oren and Silva 1987, Graves and Zusi 1990, ably select a particular type of vegetation
Novaes 1991) reveal an incomplete knowl- structure (dense habitats with low canopy cov-
edge of bird distributions in this region, de- er) rather than a particular floristic component.
spite previous work by earlier authors (Sneth- In areas where Guadua stands are rare, such
lage 1914, Griscom and Greenway 1941, No- as in southeastern Amazonia, alternative hab-
vaes 1960). Many of the range extensions are itats to Guadua bamboo can be even more im-
for species of more widespread distribution in portant than in other parts of Amazonia.
western Amazonia, such as Caprimulgus ser- The geographic patchiness of habitats with-
icocaudatus, Simoxenops ucayalae, Dichro- in a broad, complex mosaic of biotopes and
zona cincta, Ramphotrigonfuscicauda, R. me- general ornithological undersampling, account
gacephala, Turdus lawrencii, and Euphonia for many range extensions we observed of
chrysopasta. patchily distributed species in eastern Ama-
Most of Amazonia on the Brazilian Shield zonia. Areas inventoried before an emphasis
is comprised of seasonally semideciduous and on vocal identification of species can turn out
evergreen forests, dominated by Orbingyia to be ornithologically undersampled. Contin-
palms and lianas (RADAMBRASIL satellite uous field work, combining extensive tape re-
142 THE WILSON BULLETIN • Vol. 112, No. I, March 2000
cording with modern collecting (including hecidas da Amazonia Brasileira II. Bol. Mus. Par-
gathering samples for genetic studies) is need- aense E. Goeldi ser. Zool. 90:1-15.
ed to obtain a more accurate picture of Am- Novaes, F. C. 1991. A new subspecies of Grey-
cheeked Nunlet Nonnula ruficapilla from Brazil-
azonian biogeography, and to allow general-
ian Amazonia. Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 1 1 1:187—
izations and modeling.
188.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Novaes, F. C. and M. F. C. Lima. 1990. As aves do
Rio Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso, Brasil.
Revta. Bras. Zool. 7:351—381.
A. A. thanks C. A. Peres for providing transporta- Oren, D. C. and J. M. C. Silva. 1987. Cherrie’s Spine-
tion, logistical support and companionship during his
tail (Synallaxis cherriei Gyldenstolpe) (Aves: Fur-
visit to Pinkaiti (through grants from FAPESP, Body
nariidae) in Carajas and Gorotire, Para, Brazil.
Shop and Bay foundations). A. A. was supported by a Bol. Mus. Paraense E. Goeldi, n. ser. Zool 3:1—9.
research fellowship from CAPES (Coordenadoria de Parker. T. A., III. R. B. Foster, L. Emmons, A. H.
Aperfei^oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Bra- Gentry, S. Beck, S. Estenssoro, and J. Hinojo-
silia, Brazil) during field work. B.M.W.'s field work sa. 1991. A biological assessment of the Alto
was conducted for the Kayapo nation and Conserva- Madidi region. Conservation International, Wash-
tion International at the invitation of B. Zimmerman ington, D.C.
and Paiakan, who provided valuable support. D.C.O.’s Parker, T. A., III., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick.
research at Gorotire was supported by Projeto Kayapo 1997. Notes on avian bamboo specialists in south-
(D. A. Posey, coordinator). Acoustic equipment and western Amazonian Brazil. Ornithol. Monogr. 48:
supplies used by A.A. were provided by Arquivo Son- 543-547.
oro Neotropical (Campinas, SP, Brazil) through grants Peres, C. A. and C. Baider. 1997. Seed dispersal,
from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas) and spatial distribution and population structure of
FMB to J. Vielliard. We are indebted to J. V. Remsen Brazilnut trees Bertholletia excelsa) in southeast-
(
Jr., M. Cohn-Haft. D. F. Lane, K. Naoki, J. D. Week- ern Amazonia. J. Trop. Ecol. 13:595-616.
stein, C. C. Witt, and three anonymous referees for Pires, J. M. and G. T. Prance. 1985. The vegetation
important comments on the manuscript. M. Isler kindly types of the Brazilian Amazon. Pp. 109-145 in
composed the map shown in Fig. 1. Last but not least, Key environments: Amazonia (G. T. Prance and
we thank the native Brazilian community ofA'ukre for T. E. Lovejoy, Eds.). Pergamon Press, Oxford,
allowing us to work in their beautiful homeland. U.K.
Prance, G. T. and K. S. Brown, Jr. 1987. Soils and
LITERATURE CITED vegetation. Pp. 28-45 in Biogeography and qua-
ternary history of tropical America (T. C. Whit-
Aleixo, A. 1997. Range extension ofthe Large-headed more and G. T. Prance, Eds.). Clarendon Press,
Flatbill Ramphotrigon megacephala with com- Oxford, U.K.
ments on its distribution. Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Ridgely, R. S. and G. Tudor. 1989. The birds of
Club. 117:220-223. South America. Vol. I. The oscine passerines. Tex-
Dickerman, R. W. 1974. New subspecies of Capri- as Univ. Press, Austin.
mulgus sericocaudatus from the Amazon river ba- Ridgely, R. S. and G. Tudor. 1994. The birds of
sin. Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 95:18-19. South America. Vol. II. The suboscine passerines.
Graves, G. R. and R. L. Zusi. 1990. Avian body Texas Univ. Press, Austin.
weights from lower Rio Xingu, Brazil. Bull. Brit. Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia Brasileira. Edi^ao revista e
Ornithol. Club I 10:20-25. ampliada. Editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,
Griscom, L. and J. C. Greenway, Jr. 1941. Birds of RJ. Brazil.
lower Amazonia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 88:83- Silva, J. M. C. 1998. As aves. Pp. 403-415 in Caxi-
344. uana: ambiente ffsico e diversidade biologica (P.
Kratter, A. W. 1997. Bamboo specialization by Am- L. B. Lisboa, Ed.). Museu Paraense Emflio Goel-
azonian birds. Biotropica 29:100-110. di, Belem, Brazil.
Meyer de Schauensee, R. 1982. A guide to the birds Silva, J. M. C., F. C. Novaes, and D. C. Oren. 1995.
of South America. Livingston, Narberth, Pennsyl- A new species of Hylexetastes (Dendrocolaptidae)
vania. from eastern Amazonia. Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club.
Nelson, B. W. 1994. Natural forest disturbance and 15:200-206.
1
change in the Brazilian Amazon. Remote Sensing Snethl.age, E. 1914. Catalogo das aves amazonicas.
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