Range Expansion of Two Tropical to Subtropical Ferns, Ladder Brake (Pteris vittata L.) and Lace Fern (Microlepia strigosa (Thunb. ex Murray) K. Presl.), in the Urban Osaka Bay Area, Western Japan

2008·3.4 MB·English

by  Kentaro Murakami

separated than found most Adenophorus, and
is in species of mostly glabrous
leaf lamina (vs. lamina with varying densities of glandular
hairs in
Adenophorus). Molecular
phylogenetic evidence, however, provides
robust
support for a sister-taxon relationship between and Adeno-
G. tenella the
phorus
clade (Ranker Ranker
et al., 2003; et al, 2004). Phylogenetic analyses of
sequence
variation for the plastid genes rbcL and supported
atpfi this sister-
98%
taxon relationship with parsimony
bootstrap support,
1.0 posterior
probability Bayesian support, and Bremer support The
of 7 steps. well-
supported group + Adenophorus
sister to the G. tenella clade includes the
monophyletic
black-margined Grammitis
spp. as the monophyletic
sister to
genus Cochlidium Kaulf. Neither of the latter two groups possess glandular,
receptacular paraphyses. Thus, even though glandular paraphyses of varying
morphology
occur grammitid
in a diversity of taxa, their presence in G. tenella
and Adenophorus
synapomorphy combined
spp. serves as a for that clade.
Because
of this shared feature of glandular, receptacular paraphyses and
in
light of the highly robust molecular phylogenetic data, propose the following
I
combination Adenophorus.
in
nov-
tenellus Ranker, comb, Grammitis
(Kaulf.) tenella Kaulf.,
TYPE.—OWahu
Enum.
1824. insularum Sandwich., Chamisso
Filic. 84.
s.n.
(holotype, LE; photo of holotype BISH!).
at
HAWAIIAN
Specimens examined BISH: ISLANDS:
at Kaua'i: 1895, A. A.
Heller 2215; 1917, C. N. Forbes 1705K; 1969, Henrickson 4001; 1955, B. C.
/.
Stone 796; 1960, B. C. Stone 3343; 1983, W. Takeuchi Alakai_192. O'ahu:
1923, D. Topping 2647; 1984, W. Takeuchi Koolau_30; 1930, H. John
L.
St.
Banker
10615; 1932, H. John 11688; 1932, H. John 12220; 1990, A.
St. St. T. et
Chock
al. 1098; 1933, F. B. Fosberg 9429; 1951, A. K. 206. Moloka'i: 1948, H.
Munro
St. John 23419; 1987, D. H. Lorence 5469. Lana'i: 1915, G. C. 470; 1935,
&
Hobdy
F. B. Fosberg 12487; 1963, O. Degener 30152. Maui: 1984, B. 1990;
I.
&
Mizuno
1976, P. K. Higashino G. 3098. Hawai'i: 1954, H. St. John 25395;
1990, T. A. Banker 1117; 1989, T. A. Banker 996; 1980, F. B. Fosberg 60552;
Wood
4723.—
Department
1995, K. B. -Tom A. Ranker, of Botany, University of
Hawai'i Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, John Honolulu, HI 96822.
101,
at St.
Two
Range Expansion of Tropical to Subtropical Ferns, Ladder Brake {Pteris
vittata and Lace Fern {Microlepia strigosa (Thunb. ex Murray) K. PresL),
L.)
in the Urban Osaka Bay Area, Western Japan—Murakami et (Amer. Fern
al.
J.
northward range
97(4):12-24. 2007) reported the clear local shift of the
greenhouse weed Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) St. John as an example of range
They
expansion of a tropical species. estimated this species' dispersal rate as
km km
approximately 60 to 100 over 20 years, or 3 to 5 per year. This
may
two
remarkable northward expansion be but other
rare, tropical
to
172 AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL: VOLUME NUMBER
98
3 (2008)
shown
subtropical have
ferns a similar pattern in the Osaka Bay
area, as
described
here.
Ladder
brake and
{Pteris vittata L.) lace fern [Microlepia strigosa (Thunb. ex
Murray) grow
K. Presl.) extensively in subtropical and
tropical regions of
Japan. Kurata and Nakaike reported the distributions of these species in Japan
[Illustrations of Pteridophytes of Japan Vol. 1. pp. 170-178, 260-263. Univ.
Tokyo
Press, Tokyo. was
1979). Pteris vittata distributed mainly in southern
Kyushu and
sparsely Osaka Bay
in the area. Microlepia strigosa was
mainly
distributed near sea level in Kyushu, Shikoku, and southern Honshu,
and some
Osaka Bay
at localities in the southernmost
area: Osaka, southern
and
Awaji
eastern and Nishinomiya
Island, However,
city. their distributions
have not been reported
in detail since 1979, apart from
that of
P. vittata in
Wakayama
Prefecture (Yamamoto, Ferns and Mosses
16:17-19.
2000).
and show
Figures
1 2 the localities of P. vittata and M. strigosa in the Osaka
Bay area from 1959 through The new
2007. and
localities, nos. 2 3 (Kasukade-
and
kita Nishijima, Konohana-ku,
Osaka-shi),
in Fig. 1 are the records of
first
Osaka new
P. vittata in Prefecture. Three populations M. were
of strigosa
discovered Fukumachi and Suminoe
at Osaka and Izumisano
(in city)
(nos.
1,
and
autumn
4, 6 in Fig. 2) in the of 2006, and survived until the autumn
of
We
2007. could not determine whether
the other populations and
of
P. vittata
M.
strigosa survived the winter of 2006 because we found them
only
the
after
spring of 2007. However,
the populations and
nos. and
at 2 3 in Fig. 1 at nos. 5
and had number
6 in Fig. 2 a large of full-grown individuals. The main
habitats
newly
of the discovered populations of P. vittata and M. strigosa were hard-
human-made
surfaced, such
habitats as stone walls, road-side walls
or the
bottom
of drainage channels between
or alleys buildings Our
(Fig.
3).
i
range expansion two
of these species since the previous
records
However,
the distance northward was
of
shift shorter or unclear compared
with
that of dentata (Murakami
T. et 2007).
al.,
Honshu,
In the occurrence was
first of Pteris documented
vittata
in the
1950s Kinki Wakayama
in southern
District,
Prefecture (Tagawa, Colored
Illustrations of the Japanese Pteridophyta, 57. Hoikusha, Tokyo.
p. 1959).
Yamamoto
(2000) plotted the records of P. vittata since 1959 Wakayama
in
The
Prefecture.
distribution gradually extended
to the outskirts of Shirahama-
cho from 1970 to 1980, but remained new
limited. In the 1990s,
localities of
P.
were
vittata reported succession Wakayama km
in
in 80
city, north of
Shirahama
in the northernmost
part of the and
prefecture,
in Ryujin-mura, 60
km
north of Shirahama (Yamamoto,
now,
2000). Until
P. vittata has not been
reported in Osaka which
Prefecture,
adjoins the northern boundary
of
Wakayama
new
In other
city. districts, populations of were
P. vittata reported
Takaraduka Hyogo
in
city, Prefecture (Yamazumi,
Newsl.
Kinki
Bot. Soc.
km
59:13-14.
1993), 10 northwest of Osaka; Anjoh
Aichi
city, Prefecture
Nippon
(Hotta, Femist Club km
3:414-415.
150
1997), east of Osaka;
J.
Yokohama
Kanagawa
city, Prefecture (Flora-Kanagawa
Association, Flora
of
Kanagawa, Kanagawa
Mus.
50. Pref. Nat. Odawara.
p. Hist., 2001; Hayashi,
Kanagawa km
Flora
63:785. 370
2007),
east of Osaka. This spread
in
SHORTER NOTES
distribution of P. vittata is similar to that of the alien fern T. dentata
(Murakami The was
et al, 2007). first occurrence of T. dentata recorded in the
1950s Kinki (Yamazumi, Newsl. Kinki
in District Bot. Soc. 45:13-14.
1988).
Manago
After (Nanki Seibutsu 28:93-96. 1986) reported detailed
observations
of the ecology of dentata and range expansion Wakayama
in
T. its Prefecture,
was Osaka
this species reported in succession in Prefecture (Yamazumi,
1988),
Chiba Nippon Club
Prefecture (Nakaike, Fernist Kanagawa
3(6):128. 1996),
J.
Museum, Shohnan
Prefecture (Hiratsuka City shokubutsu-shi
VI,
13.
p.
Hiratsuka City Museum, Hiratsuka. 2001), and Aichi Prefecture
(Hotta, Rep.
®$
^X
^£>l
BAY
ISE
AWAJI/
g4\g
OSAKA
BAY
J
ISLAMOf
>i^i
-
\
km
40
1 1 1
Anjo City Mus. 4:133-144. was
Hist. 2001). Pteris vittata also recorded in of
all
these prefectures except Chiba. Climate warming urban due
in areas the
to
urban heat island effect, global warming, or both may relate to these range
expansions, as discussed by Murakami Since both dentata and
et al. (2007). T.
grow on
P. vittata stone walls and gutters, a nonbiological urban matrix will
not necessarily hinder their range expansion. Urban roads or concrete warmed
by may
the heat island growth weedy
effect assist the of these tropical ferns.
However, newly
recorded may
P. vittata individuals have escaped from
homes
greenhouses or (Yamamoto, Tagawa
2000). (1959) suggested that P.
vittata in southern Kinki District not native Wakayama, and Yamamoto
is to
(2000) agreed. Thus, the range expansion may
of these species be caused not
simply by urban
temperature rise, but also by escape from
cultivation.
Microlepia strigosa is an indigenous species found along the south coast of
Honshu and
further south. Until was no
this report, there domestic
report of
SHORTER
NOT;
the range expansion of this species in Japan. There was also no report of as
it
an
invasive species; in the Hawaiian Islands, M. strigosa regarded as a native
is
species that should be conserved (Tickin Biodiv. Conserv. 16:1633-1651.
et
al.,
However, was
2006). discovered in an urban wildlife park in Kyoto 30
it city,
km
northeast of Osaka, where does not naturally occur; those individuals
it
were
considered have been
to introduced as cultivated plants or in the
introduced (Murakami
soil et Japanese Revegetation Technology. 30:139-
al.,
J.
144. 2004). Thus, the range expansion of M. strigosa cannot be judged as a
completely natural event. As the discontinuity in current distribution from
its
Wakayama
Osaka and
city to city is decreasing (Fig. 1) considering the role of
human
activities in dispersal, the range expansion of M. strigosa in this
its
region appears be reasonable conclusion.
to a
As
the survival of M. strigosa during winter in Osaka city has not been
Suminoe and Fukumachi,
investigated to date, except in studies are
warranted. However, in the wildlife park in Kyoto city, where the average
temperature and annual lowest temperature are lower than those in Osaka
city,
M. and grew (Murakami,
strigosa arrived for at least 4 years (2002 to 2005) in
Morimoto, Y. and Y. Natuhara, eds. Living Forest, pp. 83-100. Kyoto Univ.
Press, Kyoto, Therefore, M. strigosa can grow adequately at the present
105).
Osaka
temperati
air in city.
may
alien species such as T. dentata, be that they expanded
it
because inherent not because
of potential, of the
turally
we
However,
influence climate change. believe that reasonable
of is to
it
northward
consider the change in the distribution of native species like M.
strigosa as a response to climate change. Therefore, although cultivated plants
or introduced could lead to naturalization, the range expansion of M.
soil
strigosa should be interpreted as an example of range expansion due to climate
A may
warming. judgment not be appropriate which
similar for P. vittata,
is
—
VOLUME NUMBER
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL:
176 98 3 (2008)
probably an alien species. Despite the restricted range expansion of this
Wakayama
species some time discovery in the 1950s in
for after its first
(Yamamoto,
Prefecture 2000), the later increase in localities (Hotta, 1997;
Yamamoto, 2000; Yamazumi, 1993) should be considered the result of climate
We
Yamazumi
deeply thank Ichiro (chairman of the Kinki Botanical Society)
We
for providing the information on Pteris vittata found in Takaraduka City.
Uwakubo member
thank Fumiyoshi of the Kinki Botanical Society) for
(a
and
helping in collecting the relevant literature information for this study.
Museum,
Kentaro Murakami, Natural History Kishiwada City, 6-5, Sakai-
machi, Kishiwada Osaka, 596-0072, and Morimoto
City, Japan, Yukihiro,
Graduate School Global Environmental Kyoto
of Studies, University, Kitashir-
akawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502,
Japan.
Marsilea mutica in Maryland.—Marsilea mutica Mett. has previously been
reported from Virgina (Knepper et al, Amer. Fern 92(3):243-244. 2002.)
J.
South Carolina, Georgia, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and
Florida (www.cars.gov/Region-5-Report/html/emergent Au-
plants.html). In
gust 2006 Arnold (Butch) Norden of the Maryland Department of Natural
me
Resources reported to that he had seen a water clover along the edge of a
pond in Charles County, Maryland, although he did not know which species.