Random House Webster's Compact American Sign Language Dictionary

624 Pages·2008·33.29 MB·English

by  Elaine Costello Ph.D.

DR. ELAINE COSTELLO is an educator and author who has been
associated with the deaf community for over twenty-five years.
She holds a Master of Science Degree in deaf education from the
University of Kansas and a doctorate in instructional technology
from Syracuse University. She is a former director of the Gallaudet
University Press at Washington D.C.'s Gallaudet University, the
world's only liberal arts college for the deaf.
RANDOM HOUSE WEBSTER'S
American
Sign Language
Dictionary
COMPACT EDITION
ELAINE COSTELLO, PhD
RANDOM HOUSE REFERENCE
NEW YORK TORONTO lONDON SYDNEY AUCKLAND
Copyright © 1998, 2008 by Elaine Costello
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any infor
mation storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher.
Published in the United States by Random House Reference, an imprint of The
Random House Information Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York and
simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.
RANDOM HOUSE is a registered trademark of Random House, Inc.
This is a revised and updated work based on the Random House American Sign
Language Dictionary originally published in hardcover in 1994.
Illustration: Lois Lenderman, Paul M. Setzer, Linda C. Tom
Book design and composition: Jan Ewing, Ewing Systems, New York, NY
Trademarks
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Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Costello, Elaine.
Random House Webster's American sign language dictionary I by
Elaine Costello ; illustrated by Lois Lenderman, Paul M. Setzer,
Linda C. Tom. - 1st. ed.
p. em.
Rev. updated ed. of: Random House American sign language dictionary. © 1994.
ISBN 978-0-375-72277-6 (pbk.)
1. American Sign Language-Dictionaries. I. Costello, Elaine. Random House
American sign language dictionary. II. Title.
HV2475.C66 1997 97-21538
419' .03-dc21 CIP
Visit the Random House Reference Web site at www.randomwords.com.
First Edition
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN: 978-0-375-72277-6
i i
Contents
Preface: Why This Dictionary? v
Introduction: American Sign Language in Context vii
DEAFNESS AND THE DEAF COMMUNITY VII
THE NATURE OF AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE XI
IN CONCLUSION XXX
Guide: How to Use This Dictionary xxxi
WHAT THIS DICTIONARY CONTAINS XXXI
How TO FIND A SIGN XXXII
How TO MAKE A SIGN XXXIV
Abbreviations Used in This Dictionary xxxvi
Handshapes Used in This Dictionary xxxvii
Manual Alphabet and Fingerspelling xxxviii
Dictionary 1-560
Days of the Week 561
Colors 562
Pronouns 564
, Geographical References 56 7
iii
Preface
WHY THIS DICTIONARY?
This dictionary represents a commitment to American Sign
Language, known familiarly as ASL-a commitment to its authenticity
as a living, evolving, fully functional language and to its role as a
cohesive force among the large numbers of its regular deaf and hear
ing users known as the Deaf community.
Numbering more than 16 million, people with hearing loss form the
largest disability group in this country. Adding to this number are the
4,000 to 5,000 babies who are born deaf every year, countless num
bers of people who suffer injuries or illnesses that cause deafness, and
those whose hearing is deteriorating as a natural result of the aging
process.
After a long and controversial history, American Sign Language has
emerged in recent decades not only as the standard means of commu
nication for deaf people and for their families, friends, and colleagues,
but also as a symbol of cultural unity. Sign language is in fact the
native language, i.e., the language learned before any other, of some
300,000 to 500,000 users in North America. At any given time there are
roughly 100,000 people actively learning ASL, both in formal institu
tions of learning and in classes conducted by social agencies, churches,
and other groups. It is estimated that 13 million people, including
members of both the deaf and hearing populations, can now communi
cate to some extent in sign language. If we count all of them, this
would make ASL the fourth most commonly used language in the
United States.
American Sign Language is becoming even more important as fed
eral law increasingly mandates acceptance and accommodation of
deaf people in the workplace, the education system, and public
accommodations. Most recently, the landmark Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), which became law on July 26, 1990, has
extended to deaf people what may be the world's strongest civil rights
legislation for people with disabilities. Businesses and public entities
of all kinds must now be prepared to communicate effectively-
v
through sign language if necessary-with job applicants, employees,
customers, and service users who are deaf.
Clearly, the need for reference materials in sign language is great.
To help meet this need, the Random House Webster's American Sign
Language Dictionary offers a comprehensive and up-to-date treasury
of signs, faithfully recording their formation and usage. In addition to
the standard signs used in day-to-day communication throughout the
nation, this book features signs from an expanding technical vocabu
lary and new signs for countries of the world reflecting the way
natives of those countries refer to themselves. Thus this dictionary is
a broad reference designed to be useful to a wide range of users, from
novices seeking "survival signs" for rudimentary communication to
sophisticated users already fluent in ASL and looking to enlarge their
vocabularies. This compendium is drawn from an ever-growing collec
tion, maintained by the author and continually augmented by contri
butions from members of the Deaf community.
This dictionary does not depend on simple one- or two-word trans
lations to indicate the meanings of the signs. Since different meanings
of the same English word may be represented by entirely different
signs in ASL, the main entry for each sign in this book is expanded by
one or more short definitions to clarify the exact meanings covered by
the sign. The formation of each sign is depicted in relation to the
entire upper torso, in illustrations prepared by Deaf artists using mod
els from the Deaf community. And each illustration is accompanied by
a complete verbal description of how the sign is made and, often, by a
"hint" to help the reader remember the sign.
As with any other living, growing language, American Sign
Language can never be fully and finitely documented: it constantly
evolves and changes; it has variant forms that shift according to indi
vidual, group, or regional usage; and most saliently, as a language
transmitted not by writing but by gesture, it is in many respects a lan
guage to which no printed reference book can fully do justice. What
this dictionary can do, however, is provide the fundamental building
blocks of this language: a comprehensive vocabulary of ASL signs. Of
course, language consists of more than just vocabulary; the words or
signs are put into phrases and sentences according to grammatical
principles, and they are used in a cultural context. These larger
aspects of ASL are discussed in the Introduction.
And so, welcome to the beautiful visual language called American
Sign Language! Enjoy the physical character of each sign and the mes
sages that its gestures convey. Through interaction with its community
of users, add the nuances of the language that come so naturally to its
native speakers. Above all, put aside inhibitions, physically and emo
tionally entering into the essential conceptual nature of the language.
vi
Introduction
AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT
Deafness and the Deaf Community
What Is the Deaf Community?
A presentation of American Sign Language (ASL) would not be com
plete without some perspective on deafness, the medical condition, and
Deaf people, the native users of ASL. The definition of deafness-the
partial or total inability of a person to hear sound unaided-focuses
purely on the medical aspects of deafness. However, Deaf people tend
to find this view restrictive and limiting, in that it fails to describe
the sociological implications of deafness. Terminology like "hearing
impaired" is considered undesirable because it refers to a presumed
disability.
ASL users generally prefer to view deafness not as a handicap but
as a shared experience underlying their sense of community. As a
symbol of pride and identity within this community, the word Deaf is
often capitalized when referring to this group. Thus, the Deaf commu
nity is a cultural group, sharing common experience, concerns, and
language.
Since the primary binding force of this cultural group is its shared
language, the deaf people who do not use American Sign Language
are not considered part of the Deaf community. Conversely, some
hearing people do belong to the Deaf community, particularly the
hearing children of Deaf parents, who acquire the language naturally
from infancy.
The Deaf community now includes perhaps as many as half a mil
lion people throughout the United States. In part because of the pres
ence of postsecondary schools with special programs to accommodate
their needs, there are significant populations of Deaf people in the
large metropolitan areas of the East and West Coasts; unlike members
of many subcultures, however, they are not usually concentrated in
vii
particular neighborhoods. Deaf people are found in all walks of life,
but because of common interests and ease of communication, they
tend to gravitate toward one another and often travel great distances
to take part in activities with other Deaf people.
In recent years, technical devices have opened up many aspects of
the hearing world to deaf people. Captioned television provides real
time and prerecorded access to programming. Recent legislation
requires that new televisions with 13-inch or larger screens have a
built-in microchip to decode printed captions that are transmitted with
the image. Telecommunications devices for the deaf (TDDs), also
known as TTYs and Text Telephones, have allowed deaf people to
communicate by telephone for some time now, if each party has
appropriate equipment. More recently, relay services have been estab
lished to give deaf and hearing people easy telephone access to one
another: the hearing person is connected by regular telephone to a
human link, or "relay," who in turn is connected to the deaf person
through a Text Telephone. Deaf people also use flashing lights to sig
nal doorbells, a baby crying, and other sounds of everyday life. But
the natural, primary means of communication among Deaf people
themselves remains American Sign Language.
Types of Hearing Loss
The causes of hearing loss and deafness are diverse. The primary
cause among children is heredity, although seldom is there a direct
link from one generation to the next; in fact, about 90 percent of deaf
children are born to hearing parents. Other causes of hearing loss
include illness, medications, and trauma to the head. Many children
have, over the years, become deaf from meningitis or, especially in the
1930s and 1940s, from drugs such as mycins used to treat meningitis.
In the 1960s, a large number of infants were born deaf because their
mothers had contracted rubella (German measles) during the first
trimester of pregnancy. Prolonged exposure to noise in the workplace
or to loud music can cause hearing loss. But among the 16,000,000
people with hearing loss, the most common cause is presbycusis, the
loss of hearing through the aging process.
By and large, deafness is a permanent condition. For some whose
hearing loss is a result of either a malformation or deterioration of the
neural auditory structures in the cochlea of the inner ear, surgery has
recently become an option. In the past decade, surgeons have been
able to perform a type of microscopic surgery called a cochlear
implant on select patients, with whom they have had a degree of suc
cess. The vast majority of deaf people, however, depend upon a selec
tion of assistive technical devices, special education strategies, and
communication options.
viii
Educational Impact of Hearing Loss
It is generally agreed that children pass through a critical period of
time, usually before the age of four, that is optimal for language
acquisition. During this period, they easily absorb the structure and
vocabulary of their native language, and can even acquire several lan
guages simultaneously. The impact of deafness on language develop
ment is felt most severely when a baby is born deaf and therefore
does not have the opportunity to learn spoken language naturally by
hearing and using it. Unless such prelingually deaf children are born
into a household of sign language users, and so have natural access to
a system of communication, they often spend their formative years
with no language at all. They must then learn both sign language and
English with great difficulty, much like learning a second language but
without the advantages and understanding conferred by a native lan
guage. On the other hand, postlingually deaf people-those who
acquired a spoken language prior to losing their hearing-have a
much less difficult time in school, since they have a particular lan
guage on which to base their learning and, even more fundamentally,
have a sense of the very concept of language as a means of communi
cation. Similarly, those individuals who have only a slight hearing
loss, commonly referred to as hard of hearing, also have an educational
advantage over those who have a severe and profound hearing loss.
For all children with any degree of deafness, communication and
educational choices must be made by others, usually by hearing par
ents and other caregivers who, more likely than not, have had no con
tact with Deaf people. 'JYpically, a parent's desire to have the child
function in a hearing society plays a large role in the choices that are
made. On the surface, teaching the child to speak English and
speechread (the older term was lipread) seems desirable. However, the
paucity of language stimuli during the critical years of language acqui
sition takes its toll, and the barriers to learning spoken language are
enormous. Spoken language must be learned by memorizing the phys
ical movements of the speech organs that go together to make up a
word or sound, and many of these movements are difficult or impossi
ble to see, distinguish from one another, and replicate. Speechreading
as the sole vehicle for reception is seldom successful, and a deaf
child's own speech very often remains unintelligible. Therefore, lan
guage learning and usage on the part of these children is rarely up to
age or grade level.
In the past, deaf children have generally attended segregated resi
dential schools, going home only for holidays and summer vacations.
Through the mandates of federal law, deaf children can now attend
mainstream schools with their hearing peers and live at home with
their families. Most often, however, deaf children remain in segregated
classrooms in the public school, although, with the assistance of an
ix