Rammed Earth Conservation

734 Pages·2012·21.055 MB·English

by  C. Mileto, F. Vegas, V. Cristini

The rammed earth technique, in all its variants, is widespread all over the world.
This enormously prevalent building technique harbours an important richness Editors Rammed Earth
of varieties both in application and in materials used. Interventions on historical
rammed earth buildings have also been carried out in all the geographical areas Mileto
where these structures are found. This historical heritage has undergone diverse
Vegas
forms of reconstruction, conservation, repair, substitution and/or structural
consolidation. The different criteria applied require different techniques, Cristini
materials or forms of intervention. The results of the interventions have also Conservation
been manifold, both in terms of the impact on the building and the technical and
material durability. With a view to these issues, this book deals with rammed
earth architecture and its restoration, and, in a more general sense, with the
construction techniques and restoration of all earthen structures.

Rammed Earth Conservation will be a valuable source of information for Editors:
academics and professionals in the fields of Civil Engineering, Construction
and Building Engineering and Architecture. C. Mileto, F. Vegas & V. Cristini
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RESTAPIA 2012
RAMMED EARTH CONSERVATION
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAMMED EARTH
CONSERVATION, RESTAPIA 2012, VALENCIA, SPAIN, 21–23 JUNE 2012
Rammed Earth Conservation
Editors
C. Mileto, F. Vegas & V. Cristini
Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
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CRC Press
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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Rammed Earth Conservation – Mileto, Vegas & Cristini (eds)
© 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-62125-0
Table of contents
Preface xi
Organization and committees xiii
Conference sponsors xv
Plenary lectures
“Pisé”: Evolution, innovations, resistances and future directions 3
H. Guillaud
Which course of action for earthen architectural heritage preservation? 9
M. Correia
Earthen architecture: Clay feet or a feat of clay 17
F.G. Matero
Restoration of rammed earth structures 21
F.J. López Martínez
The Nasrid ramparts of the Albaicín (Granada, Spain):
An analysis of materials and building techniques 27
J.M. López Osorio
Torres Bermejas: Conserving the past 33
J. Gallego Roca
Rammed earth architecture and construction
Methodological proposal for rammed-earth wall characterization:
Understanding of material in preliminary studies 41
F.J. Alejandre, J.J. Martín-del-Río, F.J. Blasco & V. Flores
The formalization as an identification process of a constructive way:
The rammed earth of Cherchell (Algeria) 47
S. Alliche & Y. Chennaoui
Traditional braces for rammed earth walls constructions in La Manchuela albaceteña,
Castilla-La Mancha, Spain 53
Q. Angulo, Á. Mas & J.L. Santolaria
Godelleta’s watchtower (Valencia, Spain) 59
S. Baños, A.C. Barbosa, B. Herrero, I. Jordán, I. Ontiveros & S.S. Sánchez
Earthen architectural heritage in the South Piedmont area (Italy):
Strategies for its re-evaluation and for local territorial sustainable development 65
G. Bollini & I. Parodi
The rammed earth walls in the watchtowers of the order of Santiago in Albacete province (Spain) 71
F.J. Castilla, J.L. Serrano & D. Sanz
Montroy Islamic Tower (Valencia, Spain) 77
P. de Mazarredo, A. Garre, V. Lassala, R. Martínez García de la Cuadra & E. Méndez
v
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Sustainability lessons from the past: Rammed earth architecture in Vojvodina, Serbia 83
Z. Djordjevic
The monitoring of rammed earth experimental walls and characterization
of rammed earth samples 91
P. Faria, V. Silva, C. Pereira & M. Rocha
Earthen architecture in Galicia (Spain): Rammed earth in Terra de Lemos 99
A. Fernández Palicio
Rammed earth walls in Serón de Nágima castle (Soria, Spain): Constructive lecture 107
I.J. Gil
Rammed earth—its use in new building and training as a building-school 113
A. González & G. Mingolla
Patrimonial rammed earth structures at the Sierra Nevada, Mexico 117
L.F. Guerrero
Characterization of compressed earth blocks built with natural low-cost energy stabilizers 125
C. Guerrieri
Rammed earth architecture in the middle course of the river Júcar, Spain 131
J. Hidalgo & I. Matoses
About the rediscovery of the tapia valenciana 139
F. Iborra
Clay in architecture: Slovenia and beyond 145
B. Juvanec
From the ground up: Building the Dirt Works Studio 151
C. Kraus
On perceptions of rammed earth 157
C. Kraus
The construction of the Valencian rammed earth walls in the Corpus Christi
College-Seminary in Valencia (Spain) 163
C. Lerma, Á. Mas & E. Gil
Rammed-earth construction in Southern Morocco: A reappraisal of the technology 169
J.M. López Osorio, A. Montiel & U. Martín
Analysis parameters for systematization of rammed earth walls
in Granada and Almería (Andalucía, Spain) 175
J.Mª. Martín & M. Martín
Rammed earth construction in El Rincón de Ademuz (Spain) 181
C. Mileto, F. Vegas, L. García Soriano & M. Mestre
Building rammed earth walls in the municipal swimming pool in Toro (Zamora, Spain) 187
A. Raya, C. Crespo, S. Sánchez & E. Antelo
Introduction to traditional rammed-earth building in the Aragonian valley of Jiloca (Spain) 193
F.A. Rivas
The citadel of Reina (Badajoz, Spain)—10 years of interventions on its walls 199
M. Rocha
Rammed earth architecture in La Hacienda de Santa Teresa Ixtafiayuca, Mexico 205
M. Rodríguez Licea & L.F. Guerrero
Restoration of the gypsum wall built with formwork in the tower
of the castle of Villel (Teruel, Spain) 211
J.M. Sanz
Rammed earth floors in historic orangeries and greenhouses—Belvedere
castle in Weimar, Germany 217
H. Schroeder, D. Ahrendt & C. Hille
vi
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Optimal rammed earth wall thickness for a single-family house in Serbia 223
S. Stevanović
Rammed earth in Moravia (Czech Republic) in the context of neighboring lands 229
Z. Syrová & J. Syrový
Valencian tapia in the walled city of Mascarell (Castellón, Spain) 237
F. Taberner
Experience of rammed earth construction—rural and urban India 243
C. Vishwanath & S. Nayak
Conservation of rammed earth
The restoration of tapia structures in the Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo (Granada, Spain) 251
A. Almagro & A. Orihuela
The Moroccan Drâa Valley earthen architecture: Pathology and intervention criteria 257
E. Baglioni, L. Rovero & U. Tonietti
Characterization of the rammed-earth structure of the Moon Castle
in Mairena del Alcor (Seville, Spain) 263
A. Barrios, A. Graciani & L. Núñez
Structural criteria for the restoration of rammed earth buildings in Barcelona province (Spain) 269
S. Bestraten & E. Hormias
Restoration of the rammed earth walls of the Generalife, (Granada, Spain) 277
I. Bestué & F.J. López Martínez
Characterization methodology to efficiently manage the conservation
of historical rammed-earth buildings 283
J. Canivell
Critical analysis of interventions in historical rammed-earth walls—military
buildings in the ancient Kingdom of Seville 289
J. Canivell & A. Graciani
Core, connectors and crust: Methodological restoration options for reinforced rammed
earth wall with bricks 297
V. Cristini & J.R. Ruiz Checa
Preliminary study to the restoration of the Tower Keep in Jérica (Castellón, Spain) 303
J. deNeui, A. Lamas, J.V. Mañes, P. Moreno, G. Ramo, A. Rico & F. Rubio
Interventions in Portuguese rammed earth architecture—from ignorance to good practices 309
M. Fernandes
Intervention in a rammed earth tower at the castle of Oropesa del Mar (Castellón, Spain) 315
F. Font
Restoration of Llotja del Cànem (Castellón, Spain) walls—“Witnesses of History” 321
J.I. Fuster, A. Gallud & M. del Rey
Restoration criteria of the Valencian rammed earth walls 327
M. Galarza
Consolidation and restoration of the Castle of Biar, Spain 333
A. Gallud, M. del Rey & J.I. Fuster
Restoration of monumental rammed earth buildings in Spain between 1980 and 2011
according to the Archives of the IPCE 339
L. García Soriano, C. Mileto, F. Vegas & S. García Saez
Preliminary studies for intervention, interpretation and value enhancement
of Tower of Don Fadrique (Albaida, Seville, Spain) 345
A. Graciani, J.J. Martín, G.M. Mora, F.J. Alejandre & J. Canivell
vii
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Restoration of the rammed earth walls of the Poniente Tower and the Alafia wall
in the fortified complex of Xivert (Castellón, Spain) 351
V. Hofbauerová
Conservation of rammed earth works in the Islamic fortified complex of Calatayud (Spain) 357
P. Iglesias, B. Rodríguez Nuere, M.D. González Casado & E. Bailliet
Rammed earth wall restoration method using the earth reintegration technique by ramming 363
F. Jové, F. Díaz-Pinés, J.L. Sáinz Guerra & P. Olmos
Restoration of rammed earth architecture: The projects funded
by the Diputación Provincial de Valencia (Spain) 369
V. La Spina, F. Martella, C. Mileto & F. Vegas
Restoration of the Castle of Sot de Chera’s Tower (Valencia, Spain) 375
V. López Mateu, S. Tormo & T.M. Pellicer
Restoration of rammed earth architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: Ongoing research 381
C. Mileto, F. Vegas, V. Cristini & L. García Soriano
Reflections about the restoration of a rammed earth Islamic tower 387
C. Mileto & F. Vegas
Restoration of two rammed earth walls at Sagunto’s castle (Valencia, Spain) 393
M.E. Moliner, L.M. Almena, C. Camps & S. Tormo
Restoration of the Andalusí wall of the Alcazaba Antigua (Ancient Citadel)
of Granada (Spain) 401
A. Orihuela & J.M. Castillo-Martínez
Historical rammed-earth structures in Eastern Andalusia: (Spain)
The restoration philosophy of the architect Prieto-Moreno 407
A. Romero & J.M. López Osorio
Restoration of the stone tapia of hsin al-Qala (Castell d’Alcalà de Gallinera), Alicante, Spain 413
A. Soler, R. Soler & J.R. Ortega
The valencian rammed-earth wall (“tapia valenciana”) in the restoration
of Alaquàs Castle (Valencia, Spain) 419
S. Tormo, V. García Martínez, L. Cortés & L. Palaia
Xàtiva’s Castle (Spain)—constructive analysis of rammed-earth walls and its interventions 425
V. Torregrosa, S. Tormo & M. Torregrosa
Earthen architecture and construction
Ksar of Timinoun—a Saharan traditional earthen architecture heritage 433
N.A. Mahindad
Cob, a handy technique for a new self-builder 439
M. Alcindor & O. Roselló
Analysis and characterization of earthen architecture as a structural material:
The corbelled course domes in Syria 445
A. Alonso, A. Martínez Boquera & V. Llopis
Municipal School in Santa Eulalia de Ronçana, Barcelona, Spain 451
G. Barbeta, P. Palau & E. Navarrete
Earthen and water architecture: University workshop in Ksar of Tamnougalt, Drâa valley
(Morocco) 457
F.J. Bautista, M. Sevilla, F. García Carrillo, M.G. Aguilar & A. Torices
Infomes de la Construcción, Nº 523 Monograph Earth as building material,
a contemporary approach 463
S. Bestraten & E. Hormias
viii
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The first Italian experience of industrialized earthen products for the building trade 469
G. Bollini
Earthen building: A comparative analysis of three texts 475
C.A. Cacciavillani
Embodied energy assessment of rammed earth construction
in Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid, Spain) 481
F.J. Castilla & A. Baño
Earthen architecture in Southern Morocco 487
F. Cherradi
Cataloging and typological study of Mgoun Valley’s traditional fortified architecture, Morocco 493
G. Cimadomo, J.A. Simón & A. Vacas
Contemporary earth houses and evolution models in the Mgoun Valley, Morocco 499
L. Díaz del Pino, M.A. García Alcántara & D. Natoli
Lunch in the domes of Tierra de Campos (Palencia, Spain) 505
P. Díez Rodríguez
Constructive systems in the Spanish North-western area 511
J. Font
Earth’s role on Moroccan High Atlas villages’ urban evolution 517
A. García Ramos, B. Marín, M.M. Carrión, J.M. Mateos & P. García Sáez
Learning approach from the invariants of earthen construction in Andalusia, Spain 523
A.M. González Serrano, R. Rodríguez García, A. Romero, J. Canivell & M. Ponce
Earthen architecture in Guatemala 529
G.P. Gordon
Earth and gunpowder: The earth in the modern fortresses 533
G. Guimaraens, J.F. Noguera & V. Navalón
Mixed building techniques in Abruzzi (Italy): Cob, adobe, stone and brick 539
C. Mazzanti
Earthen architecture landscapes as identity items in southern Morocco—Studies
in Mgoun Valley, High Atlas 545
B. Nogueira, J. Asencio, T. García Ruiz de Mier & I. Álvarez-Ossorio
The barraca of the Valencian agriculture field: A construction built with earthen techniques 551
R. Pastor, V. Blanca & J.M. Ozores
Excavated housing in Crevillente (Spain): Constructive and typological study 557
B. Piedecausa
Peruvian earthen architecture: Reflections on traditional constructive techniques 563
J.R. Ruiz Checa & V. Cristini
Earth construction techniques in the Northern High Atlas, Morocco 569
P. Rodríguez-Navarro, F. Juan Vidal, T. Gil & F. Fantini
Earth constructive systems in northeastern Segovian domestic architecture 575
A. Romero & A. Vela
Earthen structures in the missions of Baja California (Mexico) 581
M.Á. Sorroche
The architecture of earth in the northwest of Argentina: Tradition and modernity 587
M.E. Sosa
Earth architecture and construction in the colonial archaeological site of Piura la Vieja,
La Matanza (Piura, Peru) 593
F. Vela, L.F. Abril & A. García Hermida
ix
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