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THECLAYSANSKRITLIBRARY FOUNDEDBYJOHN&JENNIFERCLAY EDITEDBY RICHARDGOMBRICH WWW.CLAYSANSKRITLIBRARY.COM WWW.NYUPRESS.ORG Translation:CopyrightbyPrincetonUniversityPress. Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying,recordingorbyanyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin writingfromthePublisher. Allelse:copyright(cid:2)c 2005bytheCSL. Allrightsreserved. FirstEdition2005 TheClaySanskritLibraryisco-publishedby NewYorkUniversityPress andtheJJCFoundation. Furtherinformationaboutthisvolume andtherestoftheClaySanskritLibrary isavailableonthefollowingwebsites: www.claysanskritlibrary.com www.nyupress.org ArtworkbyRobertBeer. CoverdesignbyIsabelleOnians. TypesetbySomadevaVasudeva. PrintedinGreatBritainbyStEdmundsburyPress, BuryStEdmunds,Suffolk,onacid-freepaper. BoundbyHunter&FoulisLtd,Edinburgh,Scotland. Ra¯ma¯yana . Book two Ayodhya¯ by Valm´ıki TRANSLATEDBY SHELDON I. POLLOCK NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS JJC FOUNDATION 2005 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ISBN0-000(cloth:alk.paper) 1.Sanskritliterature–Earlyworksto1800. 2.Tales–India–Earlyworksto1800. I.— II.Title.III.Series. Contents Sanskritalphabeticalorder 7 CSLconventions 7 RAMAÝANA Introduction 13 1–6 RamaAsPrinceRegent 33 7–12 TheBoonsOfKaikeýi 69 13–22 RamaSubmits 105 23–28 SitaAndLa´kshmana 159 29–36 RamaRenounces 187 37–42 Ayo´dhyaGrieves 227 43–50 TheHermitage OnMountChitra·kuta 255 51–58 TheEndOfDasha·ratha 301 59–68 Bha´rataReturns 345 69–76 Bha´rataRefusesTheThrone 387 77–87 Bha´rataInPursuitOfRama 423 88–103 RamaIsResolved 479 104–107 TheViceroyaltyOfBha´rata 571 108–111 RamaEntersTheForest 589 Glossary 613 Index 619 Asandhigridisprintedontheinsideofthebackcover sanskritalphabeticalorder Vowels: aa¯i¯ıuu¯.r.¯r.l.¯leaioaum. h. Gutturals: kkhgghn˙ Palatals: cchjjhn˜ Retroflex: .t.thd. d.hn. Labials: pphbbhm Semivowels: yrlv Spirants: ´s.ssh guidetosanskritpronunciation a but nouncedtaihi a¯,aˆ rather k luck i sit kh blockhead ¯ı,ˆı fee g go u put gh bighead u¯,uˆ boo n˙ anger .r vocalicr,Americanpurdy c chill orEnglishpretty ch matchhead .¯r lengthened.r j jog .l vocalicl,able jh aspiratedj,hedgehog e,ê,¯e made,esp.inWelshpro- n˜ canyon nunciation .t retroflex t, try (with the ai bite tip of tongue turned up o,oˆ,o¯rope,esp.Welshpronun- totouchthehardpalate) ciation;Italiansolo .th sameastheprecedingbut au sound aspirated m. anusva¯ranasalizesthepre- d. retroflex d (with the tip cedingvowel of tongue turned up to h. visarga,avoicelessaspira- touchthehardpalate) tion(resemblingEnglish d.h sameastheprecedingbut h),orlikeScottishloch,or aspirated anaspirationwithafaint n. retroflex n (with the tip echoingofthepreceding of tongue turned up to vowelsothattaih. ispro- touchthehardpalate) 7 ramaýanaii–ayo´dhya t Frenchtout r trilled,resemblingtheIta- th tenthook lianpronunciationofr d dinner l linger dh guildhall v word n now ´s shore p pill .s retroflexsh(withthetip ph upheaval ofthetongueturnedup b before bh abhorrent totouchthehardpalate) m mind s hiss y yes h hood cslpunctuationofenglish TheacuteaccentonSanskritwordswhentheyoccuroutsideofthe Sanskrittextitself,marksstress,e.g.Ramaýana.Itisnotpartoftra- ditionalSanskritorthography,transliterationortranscription,butwe supplyitheretoguidereadersinthepronunciationoftheseunfamiliar words.SincenoSanskritwordisaccentedonthelastsyllableitisnot necessarytoaccentdisyllables,e.g.Rama. ThesecondCSLinnovationdesignedtoassistthereaderinthepro- nunciationoflengthyunfamiliarwordsistoinsertanunobtrusivemid- dledotbetweensemanticwordbreaksincompoundnames(provided thewordbreakdoesnotfallonavowelresultingfromthefusionof twovowels),e.g.Maha·bha´rata,butRamaýana(notRama·aýana).Our dotechoesthepunctuatingmiddledot(·)foundintheoldestsurviv- ingsamplesofwrittenSanskrit,theAshokaninscriptionsofthethird centurybce. ThedeeplayeringofSanskritnarrativehasalsodictatedthatweuse quotationmarksonlytoannouncethebeginningandendofeverydirect speech,andnotatthebeginningofeveryparagraph. cslpunctuationofsanskrit TheSanskrittextisalsopunctuated,inaccordancewiththepunc- tuationoftheEnglishtranslation.Inmid-verse,thepunctuationwill notalterthesandhiorthescansion.Propernamesarecapitalized,asare 8 cslconventions theinitialwordsofverses(orparagraphsinprosetexts).MostSanskrit metreshavefour“feet”(pa¯da):wherepossibleweprintthecommon ´slokametreontwolines.Thecapitalizationofversebeginningsmakes iteasyforthereadertorecognizelongermetreswhereitisnecessaryto printthefourmetricalfeetoverfouroreightlines.IntheSanskrittext, we use French Guillemets (e.g. «kva sam.cic¯ır.suh.?») instead of English quotationmarks(e.g.“Whereareyouoffto?”)toavoidconfusionwith theapostrophesusedforvowelelisioninsandhi. Sanskritpresentsthelearnerwithachallenge:sandhi(“euphoniccom- bination”).Sandhimeansthatwhentwowordsarejoinedinconnected speechorwriting(whichinSanskritreflectsspeech),thelastletter(or evenletters)ofthefirstwordoftenchanges;comparethewaywepro- nounce“the”in“thebeginning”and“theend.” InSanskritthefirstletterofthesecondwordmayalsochange;andif boththelastletterofthefirstwordandthefirstletterofthesecondare vowels,theymayfuse.ThishasaparallelinEnglish:anasalconsonantis insertedbetweentwovowelsthatwouldotherwisecoalesce:“apear”and “anapple.”Sanskritvowelfusionmayproduceambiguity.Thechartat thebackofeachbookgivesthefullsandhisystem. Fortunatelyitisnotnecessarytoknowthesechangesinordertostart readingSanskrit.Forthat,whatisimportantistoknowtheformofthe secondwordwithoutsandhi(pre-sandhi),sothatitcanberecognized orlookedupinadictionary.ThereforeweareprintingSanskritwitha systemofpunctuationthatwillindicate,unambiguously,theoriginal formofthesecondword,i.e.,theformwithoutsandhi.Suchsandhi mostlyconcernsthefusionoftwovowels. InSanskrit,vowelsmaybeshortorlongandarewrittendifferently accordingly. We follow the general convention that a vowel with no markaboveitisshort.Otherbooksmarkalongvoweleitherwitha barcalledamacron(a¯)orwithacircumflex(aˆ).Oursystemusesthe macron, except that for initial vowels in sandhi we use a circumflex toindicatethatoriginallythevowelwasshort,ortheshorteroftwo possibilities(eratherthanai,oratherthanau). Whenweprintinitialaˆ,beforesandhithatvowelwasa ˆıorê, i uôroˆ, u 9

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The king decides to abdicate in favor of Rama; but just as the celebrations reach their climax, a court intrigue forces Rama and Sita into fourteen years banishment; they dutifully accept their fate, and go off to the jungle. The other brothers refuse to benefit from his misfortune, which leaves nob