Raman spectroscopy, fullerenes and nanotechnology

303 Pages·2010·6.346 MB·English

by  Maher S Amer

Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology
RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
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ProfessorSirHarryKrotoFRS,UniversityofSussex,UK
ProfessorHaroldCraighead,CornellUniversity,USA
Titles in the Series:
1: Nanotubes and Nanowires
2: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications
3: Nanocharacterisation
4: Atom Resolved Surface Reactions: Nanocatalysis
5:BiomimeticNanoceramicsinClinicalUse:FromMaterialstoApplications
6: Nanofluidics: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
7: Bionanodesign: Following Nature’s Touch
8: Nano-Society: Pushing the Boundaries of Technology
9: Polymer-based Nanostructures: Medical Applications
10: Molecular Interactions in Nanometer Layers, Pores and Particles: New
Findings at the Yoctovolume Level
11: Nanocasting: A Versatile Strategy for Creating Nanostructured Porous
Materials
12: Titanate and Titania Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
13: Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology
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Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes
and Nanotechnology
Maher S. Amer
Russ Engineering Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
RSCNanoscience&NanotechnologyNo.13
ISBN: 978-1-84755-240-2
ISSN: 1757-7136
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Dedication
To my teachers, students, friends, and family.

Preface
Two fundamental discoveries have recently started a new era of scientific
research: the discovery of fullerenes and the development of single-molecule
imaging capabilities. The discovery of fullerenes with their unique properties,
highly versatile nature, and many potential applications in materials science,
chemistry, physics, opto-electronics, biology, and medicine has launched a
new branch of interdisciplinary research known as ‘‘nanotechnology.’’ This
technology revolutionized the multibillion-dollar field of opto-electronics and
is a key to wireless communications, remote sensing, and medical diagnostics,
and still has a lot to offer. The development of single-molecule imaging and
investigating capabilities provided the means for studying the reactions of
complex material systems, and biological molecules in natural systems.
Therealimportanceofthesediscoveriesisthatthey,synergizedtogether,put
forwardtheplatformforwhatcanbecalled‘‘thenextindustrialrevolution’’in
humanhistory:‘‘nanotechnology.’’Justasthequantummechanicsworkofthe
1930s led to the electronic material revolution in the 1980s, and as the funda-
mental work in molecular biology in the 1950s gave rise to the current bio-
technology, it is believed that the emerging work in nanotechnology has the
potential to fundamentally change the way people live within the next two
decades. The ability to manipulate matter on the atomic level and to manu-
facture devices from the molecular level up will definitely have major impli-
cations. Among the advances and benefits foreseen for nanotechnology
implementation are inexpensive energy generation, highly efficient manu-
facturing, environmentally benign materials, universal clean water supplies,
atomically engineered crops resulting in greater agricultural productivity,
radically improved medicines, unprecedented medical treatments and organ
replacement, greater information storage and communication capacities, and
increased human performance through convergent technologies. This means
that nanotechnology is expected to revolutionize manufacturing and energy
production,inadditiontohealthcare,communications,utilities,anddefinitely
defense. Hence, nanotechnology will transform labor and the workplace,
RSCNanoscience&NanotechnologyNo.13
RamanSpectroscopy,FullerenesandNanotechnology
ByMaherS.Amer
rMaherS.Amer2010
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
viii Preface
medical system, transportation, and power infrastructures. In short, nano-
technology will transform life, as we currently perceive it.
Here,wediscussnanotechnologyanditsattributesbasedontheobservation
that it represents a domain in which conventional materials perform in an
unconventional way. We will try to explain the phenomenon – the nanophe-
nomenon – based on our current state of knowledge and will try to predict its
potentials and challenges.
Nanotechnology is based on certain building blocks that include fullerenes
(inspheroidal,cylindrical,andsheetforms),nano-crystals,andnanowires,and
on characterization and imaging techniques capable of interrogating such
buildingblocks.Thisbookfocusesonfullerenes(asamajorfamilyofbuilding
blocks), Raman spectroscopy (as a powerful investigative spectroscopic tech-
nique),andhowbothcontributetotheadvancementofourstateofknowledge
as far as nanotechnology is concerned. The book consists of four chapters. In
Chapter 1, we introduce and discuss nanotechnology. Based on the fact that
socialstudiesindicatethatthemajorityofthepublicisnotawareofthenature
ofnanotechnology,wefeltobligatedtostartthebookwitha‘‘layperson’’level
ofintroduction tonanotechnology. Webasically showthat, asfar asnature is
concerned,nanotechnologyisover3billionyearsold,andasfarashumankind
is concerned nanotechnology was practiced several thousand years ago. On a
more scientific level of discussion, we explore nanotechnology and define
nanodomain as the domain in which a system becomes a thermodynamically
small system that can no longer be treated or described by classical thermo-
dynamicequationsofstateoriginallyobservedanddevelopedforbulkorlarge
systems. We show that once the size of a system is on the order of certain
length-scales it becomes thermodynamically inhomogeneous and its thermo-
dynamicpotentialsandfunctionsbecomeindefinable.InChapter1,wediscuss
such length-scales and show that materials behavior at such length-scales is
unconventionalandrepresentswhatcanbetermedasthe‘‘nano-behavior.’’We
explain in this chapter how nano-behavior is related to the system’s size as
compared to thermodynamic inhomogeneity and not just to the system’s
physical dimensions. We conclude Chapter 1 with a discussion of interesting
nanophenomenarecentlyobservedinoptical,electric,thermal,andmechanical
performance of nano-materials. We emphasize that, unlike conventional bulk
systems, nanosystems are very sensitive to perturbation effects. We provide
evidenceandshowexamplestothefactthatsignificantchangesinthebehavior
of a nanosystem can be observed as the result of minute perturbation fields
affecting the system.
Chapter2isdedicatedtoRamanspectroscopyasaninvestigativetechnique.
In this chapter, we discuss all aspects of Raman scattering phenomenon: its
theory, and instrumentation. We also discuss the concept of symmetry and its
significancetotheRamanscatteringphenomenon.Mostimportantly,weshow
thatRamanspectroscopyisanextremelypowerfultechniquethatcanprovide
essential information not only regarding the structure and properties of the
system under investigation but also regarding the behavior of a system in
response to various perturbation effects.
Preface ix
InChapter3,wediscussthecarbon-basedbuildingblocks–thefullerenes.In
thischapterwepresentthehistoryoffullerenes;theiroriginalpredictions,and
theirinitialdiscovery.Weclassifyfullerenesbasedontheirdimensionalityinto
threeclasses:zero-dimensionalfullerenes,one-dimensionalfullerenes,andtwo-
dimensional fullerenes. For each class we discuss the structure as well as the
production and purification methods. For zero-dimensional fullerenes, we
discussC ,C ,andlargerorgiantfullerenes.Forone-dimensionalfullerenes,
60 70
wecoversingle-walled,double-walled,andmulti-walledcarbonnanotubes.For
two-dimensional fullerenes, we discuss ‘‘graphene’’ in single- and multi-sheet
forms.
Chapter 4 is devoted to the properties of all types of fullerenes discussed in
Chapter3.WestartwithRamanscatteringinfullerenesandwhatinformation
it provides regarding their structure, performance, and response to perturba-
tion effects. We consider nanophenomenon related to solvent effects on full-
erenes, and, more interestingly, we discuss fullerene effects on solvents. The
structuring induced into liquid solvents due to fullerene interaction and its
effect on the solvent properties is covered. We also discuss fullerene under
pressureeffects,theirRamanresponseandmechanicalproperties.Weconclude
Chapter4andthebookbyanoverviewandconcludingremarksregardingthe
current state of knowledge, the future potentials, and challenges that must be
faced.
Maher S. Amer
Dayton, Ohio