Raising Multilingual Children: Foreign Language Acquisition and Children PDF
Preview Raising Multilingual Children: Foreign Language Acquisition and Children
RAISING MULTILINGUAL CHILDREN: Foreign Language Acquisition and Children Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa BERGIN & GARVEY RAISING MULTILINGUAL CHILDREN > RAISING MULTILINGUAL CHILDREN Foreign Language Acquisition and Children Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa BERGIN&GARVEY Westport,Connecticut • London Library of CongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Tokuhama-Espinosa,Tracey,1963– Raising multilingualchildren : foreignlanguageacquisitionand children / Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index. ISBN 0–89789–750–1(alk. paper) 1. Bilingualismin children. 2. Childrearing. 3. Language acquisition. 4. Languageand languages—Studyand teaching. 5. English language—Studyand teaching—Foreignspeakers. 6. Comparative education. I. Title. P115.2.T65 2001 404'.2'083—dc21 00–029258 British Library Cataloguingin PublicationDatais available. Copyright(cid:1) 2001 by TraceyTokuhama-Espinosa All rights reserved.No portionof this book maybe reproduced,by any processor technique,without the expresswrittenconsentof the publisher. Library of CongressCatalogCard Number:00–029258 ISBN: 0–89789–750–1 First publishedin 2001 Bergin & Garvey,88 Post RoadWest,Westport,CT 06881 An imprint of GreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the UnitedStatesof America TM The paperused in this book complieswith the PermanentPaper Standardissuedby the National InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In Appreciation A warm hug of appreciation to my children, Natalie, Gabriel, and Mateo, and to Cristian for helping raise them, and a special thank you to my arm- chair linguist mother, Reba, and to my father and first teacher, Al. And to all those who helped in the kitchen, foremost among them: Dr. Cristina Allemann-Ghionda of Cologne University,Germany,andDr. Terry Osborn of Queens College in New York for peerless peer advice. Great appreciation is due to Jane Garry and David Palmer at Greenwood Publishing for their patience and guidance, and to Giselle Mart´ınez de Mele´ndez, Cherise Valles McGivern, and Marlene Hall-Amsler who, in additiontobeingmothersofmultilingualchildren,arecarefulandobservant readers. A verysincerethanks toMaureenO’HanlonandherhusbandJu¨rgenKoch, Ulla Ho¨henwarter, Peggy Rodrigue, Mariana Quintero de Hugo, Corinne Kurz, Christine Tschabuschnig, Sarah Turney, Kim van Helvoort, Ve´ro- nique Produit, Yolanda Orton˜es de Garc´ıa, and Galit Locker. You are greatly appreciated for your ideas, opinions, and stories. Contents Tables and Figures xi Chapter 1 The Search for the Secret to Successful Bilingualism: Somewhere between Academia and the Family 1 Chapter 2 Ten Key Factors in Raising Multilingual Children: A Recipe for Success 9 Chapter 3 Ingredients 17 Taking Advantage of the Windows of Opportunity 17 Your Child’s Aptitude for Foreign Languages 37 Chapter 4 Baking Instructions 47 The Role of Motivation in Language Acquisition 48 Second Language Learning Strategies 56 Being Consistent with the Chosen Strategy 62 viii Contents Chapter 5 Kitchen Design: The Role of the Language Environment 69 What Is Your Family Language Environment? 70 What Are the Opportunities in Your Environment? 71 The Relationship between the Native and the Foreign Language 79 The Role of Siblings in Language Acquisition 86 Chapter 6 Plumbing and Electricity: The Multilingual Brain 89 The Possible Role of Gender in Language Acquisition 89 The Possible Role of Hand Use in Language Learning 91 The Multilingual Brain 94 Chapter 7 The Chefs and Chefs’ Assistants: The Role of the Teachers and the Schools 117 Opportunity and Support in the Schools 117 Opportunity and Support from Teachers 124 Chapter 8 Baking Your Own: Your Personal Family Language Profile 133 Degrees of Success 133 Multiliteracy Skills 139 Chapter 9 A Mess in the Kitchen 153 What to Do in Problem Situations 153 Some Suggested Readings 160 Changing Language Strategies 162 Chapter 10 The Sweet Smell of Success 165 A Summary 165 Diary Accounts of My Own Children’s Language Development 167 Contents ix Appendix A Finding Language Sources in Scarce Language Environments 187 Appendix B The Family Studies: How the Information Was Gathered 189 Glossary 195 Bibliography 199 Index 211
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