RAINWATER HARVESTING IN GRENADA

16 Pages·2012·0.56 MB·English

by  Living The Dream

Running head: RAINWATER HARVESTING IN GRENADA
Resident Perspectives on Rainwater Harvesting in Grenada
Brian Neff
Shelly Rodrego
Muge Akpinar-Elci
St. George’s University
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
True Blue
Grenada
Email:
distribution of piped water is not possible. The water In contrast to the typically basic approach to
authority maintains a network of 23 surface-water rainwater harvesting in Grenada, the so-called
supply catchments and nearly as many water ‘best practices’ model of rainwater harvesting
treatment plants scattered throughout the island. currently is being promoted in many parts of the
Water supply is augmented by eight well fields Caribbean (Caribbean Environmental Health
around the island. Institute 2009; Caribbean Environmental Health
Institute and United Nations Environment
Water supply to residents occasionally is interrupted, Programme 2009). This model is a relatively
referred to locally as a “water cut-off,” for at least elaborate approach to harvesting rainwater and
three reasons. First, many of the water treatment supplies potable water suitable for all needs
plants on Grenada lack the capacity to process turbid directly into the home. Costs of fitting homes with
water, which is common following large rainfall this technology are estimated by the Caribbean
events. In these cases the water treatment plants will Environmental Health Institute (2009) to range
simply close. Storage capacity is limited due to the from $556US - $4,037US for homes ranging from
relief of the island and residents are either cut off one to eight persons, respectively. This estimate is
until the water clears or they receive turbid water. consistent with quotes from Grenadian
This type of water cutoff generally lasts a day or less. contractors, who approximate typical costs to be
Second, dry season drought conditions often restrict around $2,000 - $3,000US (Alfonso Daniels, pers.
stream flow and less water is available for diversion comm., 2011), and costs documented for
to water treatment plants. When water demand installations on other Caribbean islands
outstrips water supply, the water authority rations (Caribbean Environmental Health Institute and
water until conditions change. This type of water United Nations Environment Programme 2009).
cutoff generally lasts between hours to two days, but
can be much longer in some cases. Due to both types As part of ongoing research to establish ways to
of water cutoffs, many residents store piped water, or enhance resident resilience to water shortages, the
harvest and store rainwater for use during water current project was designed to establish what factors
rationing. Third, natural disasters also threaten water facilitate or obstruct resident decisions to adopt
supplies in Grenada. According to Peters (2010), rainwater harvesting. This study is interested in the
water supply was interrupted following hurricanes adoption of traditional, basic forms of rainwater
Ivan in 2004 and Emily in 2005, causing hardship for harvesting as well as the best practices model.
many citizens.
Method
All three types of water supply interruptions may
be exacerbated in coming years by climate change Participants: 89 long-term residents of Grenada who
and can plausibly be alleviated by residential self-identified as a head of a household in Pomme
rainwater harvesting, leading some authors to Rose, St. David participated in the current study. This
point to rainwater harvesting as an important sample size captures approximately half of the total
adaptation strategy (Pandey, Gupta, and Anderson heads of household in the community. The average
2003). Confirming the value of rainwater home size was 3.6 persons (2.2 adults and 1.4
harvesting in Grenada, Peters (2010) documented children per home), and the average household
that hardships from water supply interruption in income of participants was $3,125US per year,
Grenada following Hurricanes Ivan and Emily marginally higher than the poverty line of $2,030US
were reduced for residents that practiced rainwater and vulnerability line of $2,704US defined by the
harvesting. 2008 Country Poverty Assessment for Grenada (Kairi
Consultants 2008). The community has
Previous literature estimated that 66% of households approximately 170-190 homes, based on the author’s
on mainland Grenada currently practice rainwater interpretation of Google Earth aerial images, eight
harvesting (Caribbean Environmental Health Institute site visits, and consultation with residents and nearby
2006, p. 15). However, the rainwater harvesting business owners. The community of Pomme Rose
systems utilized tend to be relatively basic. A typical was selected because it is specifically identified in
system includes gutters on the edge of a rooftop that the National Rainwater Harvesting Programme for
funnel rainwater to a repurposed plastic 55 gallon Grenada (Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
shipping barrel. 2006) as a “target community for rainwater
harvesting investment” (p. 59). Additionally, it was
judged to be similar to other target communities
during three field visits conducted by the author prior
to the current study. Finally, participants were judged into the home was an opportunistic diversion of
by the surveyor to be intellectually capable of rainwater from the home’s roof to a tank originally
understanding the informed consent process and installed to store piped water.
survey questions.
Most people who collect rainwater were
Measures knowledgeable about how to clean their rainwater
harvesting systems and reported doing so
Two surveys were developed by the author for use in periodically. 70% of rainwater harvesters reported
the study. The first survey was administered to knowing how to clean their systems, 54% of
residents who currently collect rainwater in any way rainwater collectors indicated cleaning their systems
(see Appendix 1). 44 participants completed this at least once per year and 74% reported cleaning their
“rainwater harvesters survey”. The second survey systems at least every 5 years. Of those who ‘never’
was administered to residents who currently do not clean their rainwater harvesting systems, 88% did not
collect rainwater (see Appendix 2). 45 respondents perceive any need to do so.
completed this “non-rainwater harvesters survey”.
The rationale for conducting separate surveys was to Almost no examples of any element of a best
capture both the factors affecting the decision to practices model were reported or observed (table 1).
practice rainwater harvesting in general, as well as No first flush diverters, screened overflow pipes,
the factors that affect decisions on adopting the best purification devices, or sanitary means of removing
practices model. water from the storage tank were observed. Only
38% of rainwater harvesters reported covering their
Procedure water storage tank or cistern in any way, 16% with a
secure cover and 22% with cloth or a screen. One
Every home in the Pomme Rose community was home (3%) reported routing rainwater from the roof
canvassed three times during three separate field to a storage vessel via a closed pipe.
visits conducted in June and September 2011 and
February 2012. All surveys were administered INSERT TABLE 1 NEAR HERE: RAINWATER
verbally to participants. Surveying was done with the HARVESTING COMPONENTS
aid of public health graduate students at St. George’s
University, who were trained and supervised by the Survey results also reveal that many residents drink
author. All respondents provided verbal informed rainwater, often untreated (figure 2). 65% of survey
consent prior to answering the survey questions respondents who harvest rainwater report drinking it
anonymously and no payments were made to at least sometimes and 50% drink it untreated at least
respondents. The Institutional Review Board of St. sometimes. Interestingly, 30% of all rainwater
George’s University on Grenada reviewed and harvesters never treat rainwater before drinking it.
approved the current project (approval number When considered across the entire population, these
11020). figures translate to 32% of the total population
drinking rainwater (treated or not) at least sometimes
Results and Discussion and 25% of the total population drinking it untreated
at least sometimes. 15% of the total population
reported drinking untreated rainwater regularly. The
Current rainwater harvesting practices
public health consequence of drinking rain water
Approximately half (49.4%) of respondents reported remains unclear. Intuitively it seems that pathogens
practiced rainwater harvesting, somewhat less than exist in rainwater and drinking it untreated should
found in a previous study that found 66% of homes in increase disease prevalence. However,
all of Grenada practice rainwater harvesting documentation of negative effects in studies remains
(Caribbean Environmental Health Institute 2006). inconsistent. Peters (2006) reports that waterborne
The rainwater harvesting practices reported by survey disease related to rainwater is nearly unknown among
respondents were relatively simple, typically residents of Carriacou and Petit Martinique, two
involving collecting runoff from a rooftop using a outlying islands of Grenada that rely on rainwater for
gutter and a single rain barrel or bucket. 88% of 100% of their water supply.
rainwater harvesters used a single rain barrel, usually
a repurposed plastic 55 gallon shipping barrel, or
buckets to store rainwater. 97% of rainwater
harvesting homes did not plumb rainwater into the

dwelling and the one instance of plumbing rainwater
FIGURE 2 NEAR HERE: DRINKING RAINWATER such as drinking, while using rainwater for low-
quality/high-volume water needs such as washing
Factors Affecting Rainwater Harvesting Practices clothes. Figure 3 illustrates that 22%-44% of
residents prefer using rainwater over all other sources
Survey results revealed five factors that affect for low-quality water needs such as washing dishes,
adoption of rainwater harvesting in the target clothes, and watering plants.
community (table 2). Two of these factors affect the
motivation of residents to collect rainwater and three FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE: WATER SOURCE FIRST
factors affect their ability to do so. All of these CHOICE
factors were worded in such a way that relatively
high values facilitate adoption of rainwater Convenience.
harvesting and relatively low values serve to restrict
adoption of rainwater harvesting. The first factor that affects the ability of residents to
collect and store rainwater is convenience. Table 1
INSERT TABLE 2 NEAR HERE: SUMMARY OF and the associated discussion above describe the very
FACTORS simple rainwater harvesting practices observed in this
study. In nearly all cases, rainwater-harvesting setups
Perceived need. were makeshift and consisted of materials available
nearby and free. Examples include buckets and
In the study case, the need to collect rainwater was repurposed plastic shipping barrels used for water
driven by the presence of water cutoffs. Piped water storage and scrap pieces of cloth laid across the tops
supply to the community of Pomme Rose was of tanks to serve as a filter and prevent mosquito
characterized as being relatively good, but with infestation of stored water. Materials that need to be
frequent water cutoffs or supply of water with sourced from afar are conspicuous in their absence,
unsuitably high sediment content for many residents. with the exception of gutters, which are present on
Households that collected rainwater were nearly 65% of homes that collect rainwater. Less than 5% of
twice as likely (80%) to have experienced water homes that practice rainwater harvesting had tanks
cutoffs than households that do not collect rainwater specifically designed for storing water.
(42%), a statistically significant difference (χ² =
9.820, p = 0.002). Financial Cost.

One important factor with regard to the perceived The second factor that affects the ability of residents
need for harvesting rainwater is the presence of other to collect rainwater is financial cost. Households that
options for storing water to use during cutoffs. collected rainwater appeared to be wealthier than
Overall, 61% of all respondents (both rainwater residents who do not collect rainwater (table 3).
harvesters and non-rainwater harvesters) reported Statistical analysis of the differences between the
experiencing some type of water cut off. Not rainwater harvesters and those who do not practice
coincidentally, 61% of all survey respondents rainwater harvesting were impeded by very low
reported storing piped water to help cope with water response rates to income and education questions and
cutoffs. Of this group, 44.4% did not store water a high rate of inconclusive observations of home
from any other source and 55.6% did store water construction by surveyors. Nevertheless, the mean
from at least one other source, usually rainwater. This annual household income of those who collect
is interpreted to mean that in the presence of water rainwater was 65% higher than households who did
cutoffs residents will store water from one or more not collect rainwater. Rainwater harvesters were also
sources, primarily piped water but also rainwater in 60% more likely to live in concrete walled homes and
many instances. were somewhat better educated than non-rainwater
harvesters. Taken together, these indicators may
Financial incentives. illustrate an importance of possessing some basic
level of wealth to access rainwater harvesting
Approximately half (55.6%) of the respondents who supplies. For example, it may be that wealthier
reported storing piped water also practiced rainwater residents are more likely to receive shipping barrels
harvesting, often as a means to save money on water from foreign friends and relatives. While wealth may
bills. Nearly 20% of residents that collect rainwater modestly affect adoption of basic rainwater
cited the low cost of rainwater as a primary factor in harvesting, it likely serves to make the ‘best
their decision to do so. Many residents report storing practices’ model completely inaccessible to most or
piped water inside the home for high quality needs
all residents in the study area. The validity of this profound. Many parts of Grenada experience dry
factor should be verified in follow-up studies. season piped water shortages and rationing. Often,
the dry season demand outstrips dry season supply by
TABLE 3 NEAR HERE: MEASURES OF WEALTH a relatively small margin. Promoting basic rainwater
harvesting to expand the effective water supply could
Knowledge. be far less expensive than expanding capacity at the
water authority level. In addition, getting residents to
A third factor that affects resident ability is reduce their demand for piped water may be easier by
knowledge and familiarity with rainwater harvesting promoting basic rainwater harvesting than by
systems. Basic forms of rainwater harvesting have a promoting water conservation.
long history in Grenada and are widespread. 83% of
people who collect rainwater have been using their These conclusions are consistent with criteria for
present systems for over five years and less than 5% promoting rainwater harvesting presented by the
of people who do not collect rainwater cite a lack of United Nations Environment Programme (1999) and
knowledge as a reason. However, knowledge of the conversations between the author and persons in the
best practices model appeared to be lacking in the local water authority (Al Neptune, personal
study community. No examples of best practices communication, 2011). A contribution of this study is
were observed on homes in the study community to establish data that verify these criteria while
during any of the field visits. Additionally, providing a detailed picture of the local setting.
respondents who practice rainwater harvesting were
asked how they would improve their current system Limitations
if they could do so in any way. The most common
responses were to install gutters (23% of responses), This study is limited in a number of important ways.
increase storage capacity (18%), and to add a screen First, Grenada is remarkably diverse, both in terms of
or cloth to an existing rain barrel to prevent mosquito water supply and social dynamics. It is possible the
infestation (15%). No responses indicated a desire results would be different in other towns. Second,
for typical best practices components such as a first this study utilized surveys. This method may be
flush diverter or a pump and only one respondent adequate to gauge how and why residents practice
(3%) indicated a desire to plumb rainwater into the rainwater harvesting, but it does a poor job of
home. It is apparent that even if other factors were capturing the best water shortage coping strategy to
favorable for adoption of best practices, the lack of promote. Third, the subjects of this study are
knowledge of the best practices model would restrict residents and results reflect the biases and limitations
adoption. of the resident perspective. Other groups of people,
notably the local water authority and regional
Implications rainwater harvesting promoters, are likely to have
valuable input on the matter. Future research could
The results of this study have significant implications utilize other methods, such as focus groups or
for future rainwater harvesting promotion in Grenada. interviews, and target the views of other stakeholders
First, I conclude that the possibility of residential to provide a more comprehensive picture of the
adoption of the best practices model of rainwater situation. This would provide a more solid basis for
harvesting in the target community is remote. All five charting a future course to assist residents cope with
of the factors identified that affect the decision to intermittent piped water supply.
practice rainwater harvesting are unfavorable to the
best practices model in the study community (table Acknowledgements
2). In particular, residents in this community are
unable to afford best practices systems that cost The author acknowledges the gracious assistance of
thousands of dollars, especially when piped water is many important people with this study, including:
supplied intermittently and can be stored more easily  Christopher Cox, Caribbean
and cheaply. Environmental Health Institute (CEHI),
 Alphonsus Daniel of Daniel and Daniel
Results also indicate a limited but significant Engineering,
potential to promote basic forms of rainwater  Al Neptune, National Water &
harvesting in the target community, particularly if Sewerage Authority (NAWASA),
collecting rainwater can be made more convenient  Jennifer Durst and students at St.
and inexpensive for residents. If this holds true for George’s University.
other parts of Grenada, the significance could be
References

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (2006).
National Rainwater Harvesting Programme
for Grenada. Ministry of Health, Social
Security, Environment and Ecclesiastical
Affairs, Grenada.
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (2009).
Rainwater Catch it while you can: A
Handbook for Rainwater Harvesting for the
Caribbean.
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute & United
Nations Environment Programme (2009).
Field Report On Best Practices for
Improving Water Quality in Rainwater
Harvesting Systems under the project
Promoting Rainwater Harvesting in the
Caribbean Region - Phase 2.
Government of Grenada (2011). Grenada strategic
program for climate resilience (SPCR). pp.
112.
Kairi Consultants. 2008. Country Poverty
Assessment: Grenada, Carriacou and Petit
Martinique. Tunapuna, Trinidad and
Tobago, West Indies: Government of
Grenada.
Pandey, D. N., Gupta, A. K., & Anderson, D. M.
(2003). Rainwater harvesting as an
adaptation to climate change. Current
Science, 85(1), 46-59.
Parsram, K. (2010). Grenada Water Resources 2010:
Centro del Agua para America Latina y el
Caribe.
Peters, E. (2006). Rainwater potential for domestic
water supply in Grenada. Water
Management, 159(3), 147-153.
Peters, E. (2010). Impact of hurricane Ivan on
Grenada water supply. Water Management,
163(2), 57-64.
United Nations Environment Programme (1999).
Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for
Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America
and the Caribbean: The Stationery Office.
Appendix 1

Date __________ Better Rainwater Harvesting Questionnaire Start time ______________
Are you a head of household? (one of the people who are primarily ‘in charge’ in your home) Q u e s t i o n a i r e I D #
1a
Yes r No r _________________
1b How many people, adults and children/youth under 18, l ive in your home? ____ Adults ______ Youth _____ Total
2a Do you col lect rainwater? Yesr No r If yes, go to the "rainwater harvesters" survey
Why don't you collect rainwater? (Note to researcher: circle all that apply, but do not read them the list)
Piped water is present We store D o n o t k n ow how C a n n o t afford i t Issues with
2b
all the time piped water rainwater safety
No Reason
Home not plumbed for rainwater Other: _________________________________________________________
3a Do you store other water such as piped or trucked water? (a) Yesr (b) No r (c) I'm not sure r
If you doN OT store water to use in the dry season, why not? Note to re s e a rche r: ci rcl e a l l tha t a ppl y, but
don't s how the l i s t to the re s ponda nt
Can not No place Piped water i s
3b
afford tank to put tank present al l the time
Other Reason: ____________________________________________________________________________
If you DO store water to use in the dry season, how large are your storage tank(s) or your ci stern(s)? (total )
I 'm not sure 5 00 gal lons 1,000 gal lons 1,500 gal lons 2,000 gal lons
100 gal lons 6 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 1 0 0 g a l l o ns 1 , 6 0 0 g a l l o n s 2 , 1 0 0 g a l l o n s
3c 200 gal lons 7 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 2 0 0 g a l l o ns 1 , 7 0 0 g a l l o n s 2 , 2 0 0 g a l l o n s
300 gal lons 8 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 3 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 8 0 0 g a l l o n s 2 , 3 0 0 g a l l o n s
400 gal lons 9 0 0 g a l l ons 1 , 4 0 0 g a l lons 1 , 9 0 0 g a l l ons 2 , 4 0 0 g o r more
During the driest part of the dry season, how many consecutive days i s your home without piped water?
a. No supply interruptions e . 1 0-12 days consecutive i . 2 2 - 2 4 days consecutive
4 b. 1-3 days consecutive f . 1 3 - 1 5 d a y s consecutive j . 25-27 days consecutive
c. 4-6 days consecutive g . 1 6 - 1 8 d ays consecutive k. 28-30 days consecutive
d. 7-9 days consecutive h. 19-21 days consecutive
Survey given at homes that do not collect rainwater (page 1 of 1).
What i s your household income?(E C dol l a rs )
(a) boards, (b) concrete 12
What i s your home Monthly ___________ or Yearly ____________
5
bui l t from? (c) other ___________ What i s the highest level of education you
13
have attained?
Survey Finished
Researcher Name: Finish Time: _____________
Date __________ Better Rainwater Harvesting Questionnaire Start time ______________
Are you a head of household? (one of the people who are primari l y ‘in charge’ in your homQeu)e s t i o n a i r e I D #
1a
Yes r No r _________________
Appendix 2
1b How many people, adults and children/youth under 18, l ive in your home? ____ Adults ______ Youth _____ Total
Survey given at homes that do collect rainwater (page 1 of 2)
2a Do you collect rainwater? Yes r No r If no, go to the "non rainwater harvesters" survey
If yes , why do you col lect rainwat?e r(Note to researcher: ci rcle al l that apply, but do not read them the l i s t)
2b Supply for when piped Higher qual i ty than piped water Cost Convenience O t h e r (list):
water is unavailable Ta s te s be tte r tha n othe r s ource s Envi ronme nta l re a s ons
What is the main source of water for the following uses? (Mark all that apply with an A)
What is the source of water when the main source is unavailable? (Mark all that apply with a B)
3 (1) Piped (2) Piped (4) (5) (6) (7)Rain- (8) Bottled (9) Surface (8) Other,
into into yard Haul ing Standpipe Neighbor water water water speci fy:
dwel l ing Truck
a Drinking
b Cooking
Bathing /
c personal
hygiene
Washing
d
dishes
Washing
e
clothes
Watering
f
lawn/garden
Toi let
g
flushing
Other
h (please
speci fy)
Do you treat yourd rinking wate rbefore use? 4b & 4d: How do you most frequently treat...
4a
(a) Alwaysr (b) Sometimesr (c) Neverr
4b Your drinking water (from any source)?
Do you treat rainwater before drinking it? 4d Rainwater that you use for drinking?
4c (a) Always r (b) Sometimes r (a) boil; (b) Chlorine; (c) UV light; (d) Traditional Filter (eg cloth)
(c) Neverr (d) I don't drink RWr (e) store-bought fi lter (eg Brita); (f) do not treat; (g) Other (specify)
5a Do you know how to clean the parts of your RWH system? rYe s No r Not sure r
Do you clean the parts of your RWH system? 5c If not, why not?
5b
(a) Regularly (1x/yrr) (b) Occas ional ly (1x/2-5 yr) (c) Never r (d) Not sure r
5d Would you clean the system if you knew how? (a) Regularly r (b) Occasionally r (c) Never r (d) Not sure r
Would you clean the system i f you could do i t yoursel f or afford to hi re someone el se to do i t?
5e
(a) Regularlyr (b) Occasionally r (c) Never r (d) I don't drink RW r
Please describe the parts on your rainwater collection system N o t e t o r e s e a r c h e r: Do not show them
the list, but let them draw or explain
(You may draw a picture of your system if it helps)
what is on their system and interpret
(1) I ’m unsure or only partial l y sure how my system works
their words for the system components.
(2) Gutters
(8) Extra tank to let sediment settle out before sending
(3) Closed pipe connecting gutter to cistern or water tank
water to ci s tern or main tank
(4) Screen or mesh cloth to prevent large particles,
6 (9) Plumbing from tank or ci s tern into house
mosquitoes and leaves from entering cistern or tank
(10) Pump
(5) Screened overflow pipe to prevent mosquito entry &
(11) Access cover to clean tank or ci s tern
breeding
(12) A way to get water out of the tank wi thout
(6) Secure cover on cistern or tank to keep out insects &
contaminating i t (i .e. A Pump or valve)
other vermin, dirt and sunshine
(13) Other (l i s t or describe)
(7) First flush diverter
Appendix 2 (continued)
Survey given at homes that do collect rainwater (page 2 of 2)
Better Rainwater Harvesting Questionnaire Page 2
7a Have you modi fied your RWH in 7b Why or why not? (Or I have no parti cular reason)
the last 5 years?
(a) Yes r
(b) No r
(c) Not surer
If you could improve your RWH system in any way, N o t e to researcher: ci rcle a l l that apply, but
how would you improve it? don't show the l i s t to the respondant
(1) I'm unsure how I would improve my RWH system ( 8 ) E xtra tank to let sediment settle out before sending
(2) Gutters water to cistern or main tank
(3) Closed pipe connecting gutter to cistern or water tank (9) Plumbing from tank or cistern into house
(4) Screen or mesh cloth to prevent large particles, (10) Pump
8
mosquitoes and leaves from entering cistern or tank (11) Access cover to clean tank or cistern
(5) Screened overflow pipe to prevent mosquito entry & (12) A way to get water out of the tank without
breeding contaminating it (i .e. A Pump or valve)
(6) Secure cover on cistern or tank to keep out insects & (13) Other (l ist or describe)
other vermin, dirt and sunshine
(7) First flush diverter
9a Do you also store piped water? (a) Yes r (b) No r (c) I'm not sure r
9b If you don't store piped water, why not?
9c At most, how many consecutive days is your piped water cut off?
a. No piped water cut offs e . 10-12 days in a row i . 2 2 -24 days in a row
b. 1-3 days in a row f . 1 3 - 1 5 days in a row j . 25-27 days in a row
c. 4-6 days in a row g . 1 6 - 1 8 days in a row k. 28-30 days in a row
d. 7-9 days in a row h. 19-21 days in a row
Do you store piped water and rainwater in Is your home plumbed to use piped water?
9e
separate tanks/ci sterns? (a) Yes r (b) No r (c) I'm not sure r
9d
(a) Yes r (b) No r (c) I'm not sure r Is your home plumbed to use rainwater?
9f
(a) Yes r (b) No r (c) I'm not sure r
How large are your storage tank(s) or your cistern(s)? (total)

I 'm not sure 5 00 gal lons 1,000 gallons 1,500 gallons 2,000 gallons
100 gal lons 6 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 1 0 0 g a l l o ns 1 , 6 0 0 g a l l ons 2 , 1 0 0 g a l l ons
10 200 gal lons 7 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 2 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 7 0 0 g a l l ons 2 , 2 0 0 g a l l ons
300 gal lons 8 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 3 0 0 g a l l o n s 1 , 8 0 0 g a l l o n s 2 , 3 0 0 g a l l o n s
400 gal lons 9 0 0 g a l l ons 1 , 4 0 0 g a l lons 1 , 9 0 0 g allons 2 , 4 0 0 g or more
What i s your household income? (EC dol lars )
(a ) boards , (b) concrete 12
Wha t i s your home Monthly ___________ or Yearly ____________
11
bui l t from? (c) other ___________ What i s the highest level of education you
13
have atta ined?
Survey Finished
Researcher Name: Finish Time ___________
Table 1
Components of Rainwater Harvesting Systems.

Proportion
Rainwater Harvesting Component
of Systems
Gutters 65%
Screen or mesh cloth to prevent
mosquitoes and large particles from 22%
entering cistern/tank
Secure cover on cistern/tank 16%
Plumbing from tank/cistern to house 3%
Closed pipe connecting gutter to
3%
cistern/tank
Screened overflow pipe to prevent
0%
mosquito entry and breeding
First flush diverter 0%
Extra tank to let sediment settle out 0%
Pump 0%
Access cover to clean tank/cistern 0%
A sanitary way to remove water
0%
from the tank (a pump or valve)