Rainforest Ecosystems of East Kalimantan: El Nino, Drought, Fire and Human Impacts PDF
Preview Rainforest Ecosystems of East Kalimantan: El Nino, Drought, Fire and Human Impacts
Ecological Studies, Vol. 140 Analysis and Synthesis Edited by M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Gennany O.L. Lange, Wiirzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Gennany U. Sommer, Kiel, Gennany Ecological Studies Vo\umes pub\ished since 1993 are listed at the end ofthis book. Springer Ja pan KK Edi Guhardja Mansur Fatawi Maman Sutisna Tokunori Mori Seiichi Ohta (Eds.) Rainforest Ecosystems of East Kalimantan EI Nino, Drought, Fire and Human Impacts With 146 Figures, 23 in Color, and 47 Tables , Springer DR. EDI GUHARDJA Director, Master of Management in Agribusiness Bogor Agricultural University P.O. Box 2019, BogorTImur 16144, Indonesia DR. MANSUR FATAWI Director ofPUSREHUT (Tropical Rain Forest Research Center) Mulawarman University, Kampus Gunung Kelua P.O. Box 1165, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia DR. MAMAN SUTISNA Lecturer, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia DR. TOKUNORI MORI Project Team Leader of nCA PUSREHUT (Tropical Rain Forest Research Center) Mulawarman University, Kampus Gunung Kelua P.O. Box 1165, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia DR. SEIICHI OHTA Section Chief of Forest Soil Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute (FFPRI) P.O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin-Danchi, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan ISSN 0070-8356 ISBN 978-4-431-67985-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rainforest ecosystems of East Kalimantan : EI Niiio, drought, fire, and human impacts I Edi Guhardja ... [et al.]. p.cm. - (Ecological studies ; v.140) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-4-431-67985-1 ISBN 978-4-431-67911-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-67911-0 1. Forests and forestry-Environmental aspects-Indonesia-Kalimantan Timur. 2. Rain forests-Indonesia-Kalimantan Timur-Management. 3. Rain forest ecology-Indonesia-Kalimantan Timur. 1. Guhardja, Edi, 1933-11. Series. SD387.E58 R35 2000 333.75' 153'095983-dc21 99-049504 Printed on acid-free paper © Springer Japan 2000 Originally published by Springer Japan in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2000 This work is subject to copyright. AII rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of iIIustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. SPIN: 10745474 Foreword Kalimantan, which covers more than 70% of Borneo, has one of the most important tropical forests, not only in Indonesia or Southeast Asia but also in the world. Al though in the past the island was almost covered by tropical rainforest, the forest area has decreased rapidly with expanding human activities and with ecological and environmental changes. Almost every year, especially during the dry years, forest fire is among the greatest threats. The forest fire in 1982-83, when approximately 3.5 million ha offorest were destroyed, is still remembered today. The most recent fires were in 1997-98, which coincided with the exceptionally dry years of the EI Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon. In the past, forest utilization practices were designed to produce a certain quan tity of trees with high economic value and were based on sustained yield principles (SYP). Some of the yield regulation methods in classical forest management science at that time were created on the basis of economic principles and forest land capacity in order to produce trees in an even-aged forest. With the worsening of environmental problems and the increase of human ex ploitation of the forest, SYP is no longer adequate. At present, the principle followed is that of sustained forest management (SFM). SFM means that forest manage ment activity should achieve the maximum benefit by optimizing production (economy), the environment (ecology), and the sociocultural function of sustained forest ecosystems. SFM should be adequately applied in Indonesian forests, where the majority of the forest is tropical rainforest, and should take into account the local flora and fauna and the sociocultural characteristics of the local community. The tropical rainforest ecosystems are known for their rich biodiversity and high value-not only in con ventional economic terms (market price) but also in terms of ecological and socio cultural values. Based on this fact, the survival of tropical rainforest ecosystems should be maintained by applying SFM principles. One of the important requirements when applying SFM in forest management is the availability ofd ata with high levels of accuracy and precision. Some data that are needed for this purpose concern the characteristics of forest ecosystems and the sociocultural characteristics of the local community. At present, such data for each ecosystem unit of the tropical rainforests in Indonesia are still very limited. v VI Foreword Mulawarman University (Universitas Mulawarman; UNMUL) at Sarnarinda, the capital of East Kalimantan, is one of the National Public Universities developed in the early 1970s. A priority research field at the university is rehabilitation of tropical rainforest. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) became interested in cooperating with UNMUL in the 1970s, and in 1979 founded the Tropical Rain Forest Research Center (Pusat Studi Reboisasi Hutan Tropica Humida; PUSREHUT) in UNMUL, together with a field research station in Bukit Soeharto. PUSREHUT has become a center for studies on forest rehabilitation for many scientists from a number of countries and also has become a field station for many university stu dents. This book was compiled as one of the activities of the cooperative research project Tropical Rain Forest Research, which was started at PUSREHUT in 1985 with co operation between the Ministry of Education and Culture in Indonesia and JICA. Information collected from the collaboration involving UNMUL in Samarinda, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB, Bogor) and the University of Gadjah Mada (UGM) in Jogyakarta, and JICA researchers is very important academically and socially, as well as culturally. It is a great pleasure for me to contribute the foreword for this book, which contains information on the tropical rainforest ecosystem based on the activities ofPUSREHUT. I welcome its publication. The data and information pre sented in this book provide an invaluable source of reference material, especially for scientists and students interested in ecology, tropical biology, forestry, socioeconomics, and forest policy in the tropics. Finally, to the authors and editors for their work in preparing the manuscript and to Springer-Verlag, the publisher, I am very grateful and I hope that this book will be useful not only for the development of forestry science but also for sustainable tropi cal rainforest management. PROF. DR. IR. JAJAH KOSWARA Director Directorate Research and Community Service Development Directorate General of Higher Education Ministry of Education and Culture Indonesia Tropical Rain Forest Research Project 1985-1999 Japan International Cooperation Agency The Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture PUSREHUT (Tropical Rain Forest Research Center) Preface Since the late 1960s, the human impact of commercial logging, large-scale agricul tural exploitation, and immigration from other islands has been increasingly evident in the rainforest of East Kalimantan, and the rapid changes in the landscape have decreased the biodiversity of the area. In addition, prolonged droughts linked to particularly strong El Nmo-Southem Oscillation (ENSO) events occurred in 1982- 83 and 1997-98 in East Borneo. Large human-induced wildfires occurred during the ENSO events and burned large areas of the lowlands in East Kalimantan. It is possible that prolonged droughts and large wildfires in rainforest areas may affect global carbon and water cycles. However, we have little ecological or socioeco nomic understanding of the changing ecosystems in the lowland dipterocarp forests of Southeast Asia. Our research has spanned a IS-year cycle of severe ENSO events that took place in this area, and has revealed possible interactive effects of drought, fire, and human activity on the rainforest ecosystems. In presenting such long-term research, this book addresses the current condition of the rainforest ecosystem and the regenera tion techniques that can be used to develop sustainable forest management in East Kalimantan. Part 1 introduces developmental, historical, and climatological infor mation, and discusses the large forest fires in East Kalimantan. Part 2 examines the forest soil conditions that are linked with changes in the vegetation caused by human activity. Part 3 reveals the effeCts of drought and forest fires on the function and dynamics of forest vegetation and insect communities. Part 4 deals with the human impact on forest vegetation and on the Bornean gibbon community. Part 5 presents a variety of topics on biotic impacts, such as the effects of mycorrhiza and plant dis ease on seedling growth as ways of developing artificial and natural regeneration, and rehabilitation techniques for degraded lowland dipterocarp forests. This volume is a compilation of the results of a cooperative research project between Indonesia and Japan. The project was conceived in 1985 at PUSREHUT (Tropical Rain Forest Research Center), which was established by a Japanese Aid Program in Samarinda, East Kalimantan in 1981, called the Tropical Rain Forest Research Project. The project involves technical cooperation between the Indone sian Ministry of Education and Culture (MoEC) and the Japan International Coop eration Agency (JICA). The project has continued successfully for 15 years, through Phases I to III, thanks to the endeavors and enthusiasm of a great many people. VII VIII Preface It would not have been possible to publish this volume without the marvelous cooperation, understanding, and consideration of many individuals and institutions in both Indonesia and Japan. We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to the people of the Directorate General of Higher Education, MoEC, and the Forestry and Fisheries Development Cooperation Department, JICA, and to the Rectors of Mulawarman University, Bogor Agricultural University, and the University ofGadjah Mada. We wish to extend our sincerest thanks to all the partners, assistants, and staff members ofPUSREHUT and Bukit Soeharto Education Forest, and to our research colleagues in Japan and Indonesia. We thank the Forest Fire Prevention Manage ment Project (Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and Estate Crops and JICA) in Bogor for kindly providing the hot-spot data and satellite image photographs. Finally, we are also deeply grateful to Drs. Atsushi Ishida and Takeshi Toma for their earnest and devoted assistance in planning and editing this volume and to Dr. Kazuhito Morisada and Mr. Kazuhiro Matsuzawa for their overall services. THE EDITORS Contents Foreword...................................................................................................... V Preface ........ ............ ............................ ... ........... ........ ...... .................. ...... ..... VII Contributors... ..................................................................................... ......... XVII Color Plates ...................................... ............ ...................................... ......... XXI Part 1: Introduction 1 Description of Forests and Forestry in East Kalimantan M. F ATAWI and T. MORI ... ............................. ........................ ..... 3 1.1 Introduction.. ........................................... ........... ................................ 3 1.2 Forest Flora and Fauna in East Kalimantan ........................................ 5 1.3 Forestry Activity ................................................................................. 7 1.4 Forest Conversion and Human Activity .............................................. 9 1.5 Concluding Remark............................................................................ 11 2 Climate in Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan T. TOMA, MARJENAH, and HASTANIAH ................. ........................ 13 2.1 Introduction.. ...................................................................................... 13 2.2 General Characteristics .................................................. ..................... 14 2.3 Rainfall.. ........... .................................................... ............. .......... ....... 16 2.4 Microclimate ............... ....................................................... ... ..... ........ 19 2.5 Conclusion ................... .......................... ............... ............. ... .............. 25 3 Effects of Droughts and Forest Fires on Dipterocarp Forest in East Kalimantan T. MORI ..................................................................................... 29 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 29 3.2 Cause of Forest Fires in 1998 ............................................................. 31 3.3 What the Fires Did to the Forests ....................................................... 34 3.4 Recovery of the Forest Vegetation ..................................................... 40 3.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 42 IX x Contents Part 2: Soil Characteristics and Human Impacts 4 Are Soils in Degraded Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems Deteriorated? A Comparison of Imperata Grasslands, Degraded Secondary Forests, and Primary Forests S. OHIA, K. MORISADA, N. TANAKA, Y. KIYONO, and S. EFFENDI 49 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 49 4.2 Study Area, Vegetation and Soils... ........... ..... ........ ..... ... .......... ... ..... ... 50 4.3 Chemical Properties ........................................................................... 50 4.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 55 5 Vertical Transportation of Chemical Elements Through Water Movement in Different Vegetation N. TANAKA, D. AKSA, S. EFFENDI, and S. OHIA .......................... 59 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 59 5.2 Sites .................................................................................................... 61 5.3 Change in Water Chemistry Along the Pathways in Different Vegetation.............. .............................................................. 61 5.4 Fine Litter Fall and Its Chemical Composition .................................. 65 5.5 Annual Element Fluxes ........ ...................................................... ........ 65 5.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 67 6 Changes in Soil Nutrient Status After Abandonment of Swidden Agriculture at Benuaq Dayak Village K. MORISADA, S. EFFENDI, and S. OHIA ..................................... 69 6.1 Introduction ......................... .... .......... ........................ ................. ........ 69 6.2 Fallow Forests in the Mencimai Village Area ..................................... 70 6.3 Changes in the Physio-Chernical Properties of Soil with Fallow Period ................... ............ ............................. ....... ................... 71 6.4 Changes in Nutrient Stock with Fallow Period................................... 72 6.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 76 7 Serpentine Soils on Catena in the Southern Part of East Kalimantan, Indonesia S. EFFENDI, S. MIURA, N; TANAKA, and S. OHIA ........................ 79 7.1 Introduction............... ........... ................................................. ............. 79 7.2 Study Area and Soils ....... .............. .............. ....... ...... ....... ..... .............. 80 7.3 Chemical Properties .............. ............................................................. 82 7.4 Soils on Serpentine Catena.............................................................. ... 85 7.5 Conclusion .. ............. ............... ............... ......... ..... ........... ......... ........... 86
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