Rails Solutions: Ruby on Rails Made Easy

285 Pages·2007·4.676 MB·English

by  Justin Williams

CYAN YELLOW
MAGENTA BLACK
W
In this book you’ll learn:
i
l
l
How to develop web applications quickly and easily with the Ruby on Rails framework ia
m
The basics of programming principles and Ruby syntax, so you can begin to understand what’s going on
s
under the hood
How to implement must-have web application features, such as user accounts, data validation, sending e-mail,
image uploading, and more
How to use Ajax techniques with Rails and when not to use them R
How to implement other Web 2.0 features in Rails, such as tag clouds and microformats
A
If you’re a web designer or developer who thinks that and usability are kept in mind throughout, ensuring that
I
the coding involved in developing dynamic web your site both looks and works great.
L
applications is too difficult, think again. This book, and
The book begins by covering how to set up your
the framework it covers, is the perfect solution to your
computer as a Rails development environment S
needs. Ruby on Rails provides an easy-to-use method
(including the MySQL database) and then follows with
for quickly developing web applications, simplifying
an introduction to Ruby and the basics of the Rails
potentially complicated subjects such as web
framework. Next, you are taken through several
architecture, JavaScript, and SQL/database creation. S
practical examples that work together to build up a
The simplicity of Rails belies its power, though—this
complete modern web application, covering essential
technology is used by major companies such as O
and useful website features such as user login, adding
37Signals and Google.
and editing data, data validation, image uploading, and
Rails Solutions: Ruby on Rails Made Easyis an much more. The book even covers more-advanced Rails
L
introduction to Ruby on Rails with the web designer in topics such as the Rails test suite, plug-ins and
mind. Instead of focusing on the intricate syntax of each components, debugging techniques, and deploying your
U Create dynamic web applications as
method, the book focuses on the tasks you’ll want to web applications using Capistrano.
perform on your website and then walks you through painlessly as possible—no programming
how to implement that functionality with Rails. Design T knowledge required
I Enhance your user experience easily
Also Available
O with Ajax techniques—Rails makes it
easy for you
N
Filled with practical techniques
you can use right away
S
SHELVING CATEGORY
1.WEB DEVELOPMENT
ISBN-13: 978-1-59059-752-1
ISBN-10: 1-59059-752-4
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Mac/PC compatible
US $34.99
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Justin Williams
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this print for reference only—size & color not accurate spine = 0.675" 288 page count
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Rails Solutions
Ruby on Rails Made Easy
Justin Williams
7524fm.qxd 12/13/06 4:41 PM Page ii
Rails Solutions: Ruby on Rails Made Easy
Copyright © 2007 by Justin Williams
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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Credits
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Chapter 1: Introduction to Ruby on Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2: Installing Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 3: Ruby for Rails Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 4: Getting Started with Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 5: More Advanced Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chapter 6: Formatting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Chapter 7: Introduction to Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Chapter 8: Bringing Forms to Life with Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Chapter 9: Uploading Files and Sending Attachments . . . . . . . . 149
Chapter 10: User Authentication and Session Management . . . 161
Chapter 11: Customizing Rails Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
Chapter 12: Using Rails Plug-ins and Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Chapter 13: Deploying with Capistrano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Appendix A: Caching Your Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Appendix B: Testing Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
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CONTENTS
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Chapter 1: Introduction to Ruby on Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A history of Ruby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Object-oriented programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Riding the Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Components of Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Model, View, Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Rails’ database support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Who uses Rails? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Is Rails safe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter 2: Installing Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Installing Rails on Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Installing Xcode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Semiautomatic Rails install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Manual install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Setting the file path correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Setting up Ruby on Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Installing the Rails framework on Mac OSX...finally! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Installing FastCGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Installing Lighttpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Installing MySQL on Mac OSX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Locomotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Extra tools for Mac OSX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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Installing Rails on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Installing Ruby on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Installing MySQL on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
InstantRails—Rails for Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Extra tools for Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ready? Let’s do it! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Chapter 3: Ruby for Rails Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Basic Ruby syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Ruby variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Classes and objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Calling objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Arrays and hashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Decision structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exception handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 4: Getting Started with Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Creating a Rails project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Configuring the web server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Viewing the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Creating the database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Using the command line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Telling Rails about the databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Creating the model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Rails migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Creating the controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Creating the views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Creating the first objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Updating existing ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Removing an ad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Adding some style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 5: More Advanced Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Validating data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Implementing validations in railslist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Other common validations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Adding categories with migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
vi
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Creating associations between models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Working with the new relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Controlling the categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Modifying URLs using routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Defining your own routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Defining route en masse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Named routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Basic debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Rails console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Reading existing data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
breakpointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Debugging views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Chapter 6: Formatting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
NumberHelper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Other helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
DateHelper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Defining date formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Using natural language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chapter 7: Introduction to Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
A history of web interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
What is Ajax? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Where is Ajax used? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
How does Rails do Ajax? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
When to use Ajax? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
What’s the catch? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Chapter 8: Bringing Forms to Life with Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Ajaxing your application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Creating the categories controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Adding a touch of Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Partials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Adding dynamic JavaScript functionality using RJS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
What about validation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Deleting items with Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Searching classifieds with Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Creating the search box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Sending e-mail with Action Mailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Configuring Action Mailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Let’s send some e-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
A bit of CSS style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
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Chapter 9: Uploading Files and Sending Attachments . . . . . . . . 149
Uploading images to your database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Reading files from the database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Securing your data field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Updating the remaining views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Sending e-mail with attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Adding some style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Chapter 10: User Authentication and Session Management . . . 161
Before you begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Windows XP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Creating the user model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Adding data model validations and associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Adding a new controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Creating a signup form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Securing the users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Creating a login form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Adding the login code to the backend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
How to store session data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Working with the sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Locking railslist down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Securing the categories controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Assigning classifieds to users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Removing the email field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Logging out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Chapter 11: Customizing Rails Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Organizing listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Using helper methods in views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Adding Web 2.0 style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Creating a tag cloud from the categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Adding microformats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Adding microformats to Railslist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Chapter 12: Using Rails Plug-ins and Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Building applications with scaffolding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Creating a new application with scaffolding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Testing the scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Analyzing the code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Scaffolded model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Adding functionality with plug-ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Using plug-ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Using acts_as_taggable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
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Using engines in the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Migrating the database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Configuring login_engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
A note on components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Chapter 13: Deploying with Capistrano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
What is deployment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Tool requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Installing Subversion for Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Installing Subversion for Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Before you begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Creating the MySQL database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Setting up the server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Committing the project to Subversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Installing Capistrano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Connecting to the server on a Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Connecting to the server on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Deploying the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Appendix A: Caching Your Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Setting up the caching strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Implementing caching in the application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Using fragment caching explicitly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Expiring caches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Appendix B: Testing Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
What is test-driven development? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Test directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Fixtures folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Functional folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Integration folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Mock folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Test folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Unit folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Creating a test database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
On Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
On Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Preparing the test database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Unit-testing the models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Running the first test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Other unit test assertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Functional testing of the controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Running all the tests at once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
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