Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications

500 Pages·2007·5.1 MB·English

Radiowave Propagation and Antennas
for Personal Communications
Third Edition
For a complete listing of the Artech House Mobile Communications Library,
turn to the back of this book.
Radiowave Propagation and Antennas
for Personal Communications
Third Edition
Kazimierz Siwiak
Yasaman Bahreini
ar techhouse . com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record of this book is available at the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-1-59693-073-5
Cover design by Igor Valdman
© 2007 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my family for their support and guidance,
my mom for teaching me patience,
and my dad for teaching me perseverance.
—Yassi
Moim Rodzicom Janowi i Bronislawie
– Kai
Contents
Preface to the First Edition ix
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the Third Edition xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1
1.2 Personal Communications 3
1.3 Electromagnetics Fundamentals 5
1.3.1 Maxwell’s Equations 8
1.3.2 Boundary Conditions 10
1.3.3 Vector and Scalar Potentials 11
1.3.4 Radiation from a Sinusoidally Excited Current Element 12
1.3.5 Duality in Maxwell’s Equations 14
1.3.6 Current Loop for Sinusoidal Excitation 16
1.3.7 Radiation of a UWB Elementary Dipole and Loop 16
1.3.8 Radiation Zones 20
1.4 Basic Radiowave and Antenna Parameters 23
1.5 Summary 30
Problems 30
References 35
vii
viii Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications
2 Fixed-Site Antennas 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Antennas as Arrays of Current Sources 39
2.3 Pattern Multiplication and Array Factor 39
2.4 Collinear Antennas and Vertical-Plane Pattern Control 40
2.5 Directivity and Beam Width for Omnidirectional
Antennas 41
2.6 Array Antennas 42
2.6.1 Collinear Array and Fourier Transform 43
2.6.2 Horizontal-Plane Pattern Directivity 44
2.6.3 Aperture Antennas: Two-Dimensional Transforms 45
2.7 Pattern Shaping of High-Gain Collinear Antennas 46
2.8 Multiple-Beam Antennas 49
2.8.1 Matrix-Fed Multiple-Beam Antenna Designs 50
2.8.2 Smart Antennas 51
2.9 Proximity Effects in Antennas 53
2.9.1 Treating Scatterers as Infinitely Long Cylinders 53
2.9.2 Modeling the Finite-Length Scatterer 55
2.9.3 Measured and Calculated Patterns Involving Cylindrical
Scatterers 57
2.9.4 Application to an Antenna Mounted on the
Side of a Tower 57
2.9.5 Effect of Antenna Distortion on Coverage Range 61
2.9.6 Parasitically Driven Array Antennas 61
2.10 Indoor Fixed Sites 65
2.10.1 Wireless Local-Area Network Fixed Sites 66
2.10.2 Gain Antennas for UWB Pulses 66
2.11 Summary 68
Problems 69
References 73
3 Radio Communication Channel 77
3.1 Introduction 77
Contents ix
3.2 Guided Waves 78
3.2.1 Losses in Dielectrics 78
3.2.2 Losses in Conductors 80
3.2.3 Coaxial Transmission Lines 81
3.2.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 84
3.2.5 Minimum Attenuation in Transmission Lines 85
3.2.6 Summary of Transmission Line Relationships 86
3.2.7 Optical Fiber Transmission Lines 86
3.3 Basic Radiowave Propagation 87
3.3.1 Friis Transmission Formula 88
3.3.2 Comparison of Guided Wave and Radiowave
Propagation Attenuation 89
3.4 Wave Polarization 90
3.4.1 Polarization of Antennas 90
3.4.2 Polarization Characteristics of Antennas 91
3.4.3 Polarization Mismatch in Antennas 91
3.4.4 Polarization Filtering: An Experiment in Optics 92
3.4.5 Polarization Scattering and the Radar Equation 93
3.5 Summary 94
Problems 95
References 98
4 Radio Frequency Spectrum 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Extremely Low and Very Low Frequencies (<30 kHz) 101
4.3 Low and Medium Frequencies (30 kHz to 3 MHz) 103
4.4 High Frequencies (3 to 30 MHz) 103
4.4.1 Ionosphere 104
4.4.2 Layers in the Ionosphere 104
4.4.3 Ionized Gases 105
4.4.4 Ionospheric Reflection 106
4.4.5 Maximum Usable Frequency 106
4.4.6 Multiple Hops in Shortwave Communications 107