Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications

500 Pages·2007·5.1 MB·English

Radiowave Propagation and Antennas
for Personal Communications
Third Edition
For a complete listing of theArtech House Mobile Communications Library,
turn to the back of this book.
Radiowave Propagation and Antennas
for Personal Communications
Third Edition
Kazimierz Siwiak
Yasaman Bahreini
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record of this book is available at the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-1-59693-073-5
Cover design by Igor Valdman
© 2007 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my family for their support and guidance,
my mom for teaching me patience,
and my dad for teaching me perseverance.
—Yassi
MoimRodzicomJanowiiBronislawie
– Kai

Contents
Preface to the First Edition ix
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the Third Edition xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1
1.2 Personal Communications 3
1.3 Electromagnetics Fundamentals 5
1.3.1 Maxwell’sEquations 8
1.3.2 BoundaryConditions 10
1.3.3 VectorandScalarPotentials 11
1.3.4 RadiationfromaSinusoidallyExcitedCurrentElement 12
1.3.5 DualityinMaxwell’sEquations 14
1.3.6 CurrentLoopforSinusoidalExcitation 16
1.3.7 RadiationofaUWBElementaryDipoleandLoop 16
1.3.8 RadiationZones 20
1.4 Basic Radiowave and Antenna Parameters 23
1.5 Summary 30
Problems 30
References 35
vii
viii Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications
2 Fixed-Site Antennas 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Antennas as Arrays of Current Sources 39
2.3 Pattern Multiplication and Array Factor 39
2.4 Collinear Antennas and Vertical-Plane Pattern Control 40
2.5 Directivity and Beam Width for Omnidirectional
Antennas 41
2.6 Array Antennas 42
2.6.1 CollinearArrayandFourierTransform 43
2.6.2 Horizontal-PlanePatternDirectivity 44
2.6.3 ApertureAntennas:Two-DimensionalTransforms 45
2.7 Pattern Shaping of High-Gain Collinear Antennas 46
2.8 Multiple-Beam Antennas 49
2.8.1 Matrix-FedMultiple-BeamAntennaDesigns 50
2.8.2 SmartAntennas 51
2.9 Proximity Effects in Antennas 53
2.9.1 TreatingScatterersasInfinitelyLongCylinders 53
2.9.2 ModelingtheFinite-LengthScatterer 55
2.9.3 MeasuredandCalculatedPatternsInvolvingCylindrical
Scatterers 57
2.9.4 ApplicationtoanAntennaMountedonthe
SideofaTower 57
2.9.5 EffectofAntennaDistortiononCoverageRange 61
2.9.6 ParasiticallyDrivenArrayAntennas 61
2.10 Indoor Fixed Sites 65
2.10.1 WirelessLocal-AreaNetworkFixedSites 66
2.10.2 GainAntennasforUWBPulses 66
2.11 Summary 68
Problems 69
References 73
3 Radio Communication Channel 77
3.1 Introduction 77
Contents ix
3.2 Guided Waves 78
3.2.1 LossesinDielectrics 78
3.2.2 LossesinConductors 80
3.2.3 CoaxialTransmissionLines 81
3.2.4 ParallelTransmissionLines 84
3.2.5 MinimumAttenuationinTransmissionLines 85
3.2.6 SummaryofTransmissionLineRelationships 86
3.2.7 OpticalFiberTransmissionLines 86
3.3 Basic Radiowave Propagation 87
3.3.1 FriisTransmissionFormula 88
3.3.2 ComparisonofGuidedWaveandRadiowave
PropagationAttenuation 89
3.4 Wave Polarization 90
3.4.1 PolarizationofAntennas 90
3.4.2 PolarizationCharacteristicsofAntennas 91
3.4.3 PolarizationMismatchinAntennas 91
3.4.4 PolarizationFiltering:AnExperimentinOptics 92
3.4.5 PolarizationScatteringandtheRadarEquation 93
3.5 Summary 94
Problems 95
References 98
4 Radio Frequency Spectrum 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Extremely Low and Very Low Frequencies (<30 kHz) 101
4.3 Low and Medium Frequencies (30 kHz to 3 MHz) 103
4.4 High Frequencies (3 to 30 MHz) 103
4.4.1 Ionosphere 104
4.4.2 LayersintheIonosphere 104
4.4.3 IonizedGases 105
4.4.4 IonosphericReflection 106
4.4.5 MaximumUsableFrequency 106
4.4.6 MultipleHopsinShortwaveCommunications 107