Table Of Content

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Second Edition Edited by Jaana Laiho and Achim Wacker Both of Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, Finland Toma´ sˇ Novosad Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, USA Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Second Edition Edited by Jaana Laiho and Achim Wacker Both of Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, Finland Toma´ sˇ Novosad Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, USA Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (þ44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Radio network planning and optimisation for UMTS / edited by Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Toma´s˘ Novosad p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01575-9 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-470-01575-6 (alk. paper) 1. Global system for mobile communications. 2. Radio – Transmitters and transmission. 3. Code division multiple access. I. Laiho, Jaana. II. Wacker, Achim. III. Novosad, Toma´s˘. IV. Title: Radio network planning and optimization for UMTS. TK5103.483.R34 2005 621.384 – dc22 2005018248 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-470-01575-9 (HB) ISBN-10 0-470-01575-6 (HB) Project management by Originator, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk (typeset in 10/12pt Times). Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Toma´s˘Novosad, Peter Muszynski, Petri Jolma and Roman Pichna 1.1 A Brief Look at Cellular History 1 1.2 Evolution of Radio Network Planning 2 1.3 Introduction to Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS 5 1.4 Future Trends 9 1.4.1 Towards a Service-driven Network Management 10 1.4.2 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 11 1.4.3 Next-generation Mobile Communication 15 References 16 2 Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 19 Toma´sˇNovosad, David Soldani, Kari Sipila¨, Tero Kola and Achim Wacker 2.1 Mathematical Background of Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems 19 2.1.1 Multiple Access 19 2.1.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation 20 2.1.3 Tolerance of Narrowband Interference 21 2.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System 22 2.2.1 Modulation Example 23 2.2.2 Tolerance of Wideband Interference 24 2.2.3 Operation in Multi-path Environment 26 2.3 CDMA in Cellular Radio Networks 27 2.3.1 Universal Frequency Reuse 27 2.3.2 Soft Handover 27 2.3.3 Power Control 28 vi Contents 2.4 WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 28 2.4.1 High-level UMTS Architecture Model 28 2.4.2 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture and Logical Channels 30 2.4.3 Transport Channels 37 2.4.4 Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels (FDD) 45 2.4.5 High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 60 2.4.6 Timing and Synchronisation in UTRAN (FDD) 65 2.4.7 Spreading, Scrambling and Channelisation Concepts 69 2.5 WCDMA Radio Link Performance Indicators 75 2.5.1 Definitions 76 2.5.2 Classification according to Multi-path Channel Conditions and Services 80 2.5.3 Link-level Simulation Principles 83 2.5.4 Physical-layer Measurements Supporting the Measurement of Link-level Performance in a Live Network 89 References 91 3 WCDMA Radio Network Planning 93 Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇNovosad, Terhi Rautiainen and Kimmo Tera¨va¨ 3.1 Dimensioning 95 3.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets 95 3.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 98 3.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 99 3.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 100 3.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 100 3.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA 102 3.1.7 RNC Dimensioning 105 3.2 Detailed Planning 109 3.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool 110 3.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 124 3.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations 129 3.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 137 3.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common Channel Analysis 139 3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 142 3.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout 143 3.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters 144 3.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 149 3.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 149 3.4.2 Comparison of the Results 151 3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 154 3.5.1 Ideal Case 154 3.5.2 Shinjuku Case 158 Contents vii 3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 162 3.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 163 3.6.2 Minimum Coupling Loss 164 3.6.3 Dead Zones 166 3.6.4 ACI Simulation Cases 166 3.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174 3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies 175 3.7.1 Rollout 176 3.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177 References 194 4 Radio Resource Utilisation 197 Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇNovosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson, Tero Kola and Ted Buot 4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 197 4.2 Power Control 198 4.2.1 Open-loop Power Control 198 4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 200 4.2.3 Inner-loop Power Control 201 4.2.4 Outer-loop Power Control 207 4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 209 4.2.6 Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command Errors 210 4.2.7 Fast Power Control and User Equipment Speed 210 4.3 Handover Control 211 4.3.1 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Soft Handover 212 4.3.2 Intra-system–Intra-frequency Hard Handover 213 4.3.3 Intra-system–Inter-frequency Handover 213 4.3.4 Inter-system Handover 214 4.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting 214 4.3.6 Compressed Mode 223 4.3.7 Inter-system Handover Procedure 224 4.4 Congestion Control 233 4.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load 233 4.4.2 Admission Control 235 4.4.3 Packet Scheduling 237 4.4.4 Load Control 242 4.5 Resource Management 244 4.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink 244 4.5.2 Code Management 245 4.6 RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 250 4.6.1 Power Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 250 4.6.2 Congestion Control for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 252 4.6.3 Handover Control and Mobility Management for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 253 4.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255