Radio Frequency Transistors: Principles and Practical Applications

317 Pages·2001·7.297 MB·English

by  Norman Dye, Helge Granberg

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Transistors
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Radio 1
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Frequency
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Transistors
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Principles and Practical Applications
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Second Edition
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Norman Dye 24
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Helge Granberg
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1 Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth–Heinemann.
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Copyright ©2001 by Butterworth–Heinemann
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A member of the Reed Elsevier group
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6 All rights reserved.
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8 No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in
any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,
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without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written,Butterworth–
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Heinemann prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.
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14 Butterworth–Heinemann supports the efforts of American Forests and the Global
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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19 Dye,Norm,1929–
20 Radio frequency transistors :principles and practical
21 applications / Norman Dye,Helge Granberg.—2nd ed.
22 p. cm.
23 Includes bibliographical references and index.
24 ISBN 0-7506-7281-1 (pbk. :alk. paper)
1. Power transistors. 2. Transistor amplifiers. 3. Transistor
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radio transmitters. 4. Amplifiers,Radio frequency. I. Granberg,
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Helge,1932– II. Title.
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TK7871.92 .D96 2000
29 621.384'12—dc21 00-045618
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31 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
32 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.
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Dedicated to the memory of Helge Granberg, 1
who died suddenly in January,1996 2
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CONTENTS 1
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Preface xi 3
Acknowledgments xiii 4
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CHAPTER 1 Understanding RF Data Sheet Parameters 1 6
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Introduction 1
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D.C. Specifications 1
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Maximum Ratings and Thermal Characteristics 5
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Power Transistors:Functional Characteristics 9
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Low Power Transistors:Functional Characteristics 14
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Linear Modules:Functional Characteristics 18
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Power Modules:Functional Characteristics 26
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Data Sheets of the Future 30
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CHAPTER 2 RF Transistor Fundamentals 31 16
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What’s Different About RF Transistors? 31
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Transistor Characteristics in Specific Applications 32
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Bandwidth Considerations in Selecting Transistors 34
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MOSFETs Versus Bipolars in Selecting a Transistor 38
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Other Factors in RF Power Transistor Selection 38
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CHAPTER 3 FETs and BJTs: Comparison of Parameters
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and Circuitry 43
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Types of Transistors 43
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Comparing the Parameters 44
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Circuit Configurations 48
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Common Emitter and Common Source 50
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Common Base and Common Gate 52
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Common Collector and Common Drain 54
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CHAPTER 4 Other Factors Affecting Amplifier Design 57
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Classes of Operation 57
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Forms of Modulation 60
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Biasing to Linear Operation 64
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Operating Transistors in a Pulse Mode 72
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CHAPTER 5 Reliability Considerations 75
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Die Temperature and Its Effect on Reliability 75 40
Other Reliability Considerations 81 41
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CHAPTER 6 Construction Techniques 87 43
Types of Packages 87 44
The Emitter/Source Inductance 93 45Short
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viii Contents
1 Tips for Systematic PC Layout Design 102
2 Mounting RF Devices 103
3 RF Modules 109
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5 CHAPTER 7 Power Amplifier Design 113
6 Single-Ended,Parallel,or Push-Pull 113
7 Single-Ended RF Amplifier Designs:Lumped Circuit Realization 113
8 Distributed Circuit Realization 114
9 Quasi-Lumped Element Realization 116
10 Parallel Transistor Amplifiers:Bipolar Transistors 117
11 MOSFETs 119
12 Push-Pull Amplifiers 120
13 Impedances and Matching Networks 123
14 Interstage Impedance Matching 127
15 A Practical Design Example of a Single Stage 129
16 Component Considerations 130
17 Capacitors at Radio Frequencies 132
18 The First Matching Element:A Shunt C 133
19 The Input Impedance of a High Power RF Transistor 134
20 Modeling Capacitors at Low Impedances 135
21 Inductors 136
22 Stability Considerations 137
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24 CHAPTER 8 Computer-Aided Design Programs 147
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General 147
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Inside Motorola’s Impedance Matching Program 151
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MIMP Description 154
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Smith Charts and MIMP 157
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30 CHAPTER 9 After the Power Amplifier 161
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VSWR Protection of Solid State Amplifiers 161
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Testing the Circuit 165
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Output Filtering 168
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Types of Low Pass Filters 170
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The Design Procedure 172
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The Components 174
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CHAPTER 10 Wideband Impedance Matching 179
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Introduction to Wideband Circuits 179
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Conventional Transformers 182
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Twisted Wire Transformers 186
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Transmission Line Transformers 190
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Equal Delay Transmission Line Transformers 193
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Contents ix
CHAPTER 11 Power Splitting and Combining 197 1
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Introduction 197
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Basic Types of Power Combiners 198
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In-Phase and 180°Combiners 199
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90°Hybrids 202
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Line Hybrids 203
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Ring Hybrids 204
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Branch Line Couplers 206
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Wilkinson Couplers 208
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CHAPTER 12 Frequency Compensation and 11
Negative Feedback 211 12
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Frequency Compensation 211
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Negative Feedback 213
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CHAPTER 13 Small Signal Amplifier Design 219 16
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Scattering Parameters 219
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Noise Parameters 220
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Biasing Considerations 221
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Power Gain 224
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Stability 229
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Summary of Gain/Noise Figure Design Procedures 233
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Actual Steps in Low Power Amplifier Design 234
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Determining Desired Values of Source and Load Impedances 235
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Circuit Realization 243
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CHAPTER 14 LDMOS RF Power Transistors and 27
Their Applications 259 28
by Prasanth Perugupalli,Larry Leighton,Jan Johansson, 29
and Qiang Chen 30
Introduction 259 31
LDMOSFET Versus Vertical MOSFET 260 32
Device Design 261 33
LDMOS Characteristics 264 34
LDMOS Transistors for RF Power Applications 267 35
Some FET Approximations 267 36
Applications of LDMOS Transistors in Current Generation 37
CellularTechnologies 271 38
RF Power Amplifier Characteristics 273 39
Practical Example of Designing a W-CDMA Power Amplifier 277 40
Circuit Techniques for Designing Optimum CDMA Amplifiers 281 41
Modeling of LDMOS Transistors 283 42
Comments 290 43
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Index 293 45Short
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