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I Radio Communications Radio Communications Edited by Alessandro Bazzi In-Tech intechweb.org Published by In-Teh In-Teh Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside. After this work has been published by the In-Teh, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work. © 2010 In-teh www.intechweb.org Additional copies can be obtained from: [email protected] First published April 2010 Printed in India Technical Editor: Martina Peric Cover designed by Dino Smrekar Radio Communications, Edited by Alessandro Bazzi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-091-9 V Preface In the last decades the restless evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) brought to a deep transformation of our habits. The growth of the Internet and the advances in hardware and software implementations modified our way to communicate and to share information. Although conceived for study and working scopes, the presence of ICT infrastructures and services are now pervasive in our life. Their availability is felt as a need that cannot be constrained to a place: people want to have them anytime, anywhere. And the need for wireless connections starts from daily communication and embraces all fields of human life, in an ever increasing way: transportation systems, home management, healthcare, emergency operations. This brought to the large interest and great evolution that characterized radio technologies in the last years all over the world. Since the development of the first wireless systems, great technological advances were performed: spread spectrum and multi-carrier techniques allowed to make transmissions over larger bandwidths with higher data rates for the final users in challenging scenarios where line of sight is not guaranteed and multipath severely affects signal propagation; new coding techniques were developed to increase the efficiency of radio transmissions; advanced link adaptation and power control algorithms were implemented in order to allow optimized trade-off between reliability and data rate; and many other topics shall be cited. Cellular systems, initially deployed to allow telephony in mobility for urgency needs have now reached a penetration of almost 100% of inhabitants in developed countries, with the ability to exchange data at more than 10 Mbit/s; at the same time, wireless access to local networks can now be performed at almost 100 Mbit/s. But the need for higher data rates does not stop and it jointly proceeds with the development of new services, thus requiring the investigation and implementation of new technologies and new radio resources management solutions. In the near future, all available technologies will be jointly used by smart devices, following the always best connected paradigm: users will connect to an heterogeneous wireless network, without the need to know which technology they are effectively using. The adoption of multiple antennas and beamforming techniques will reduce the effects of interference and increase the achievable data rates. Relaying and cooperation among devices will allow better performance with lower costs and energy consumption. In this book, an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the field of radio communications is given through 35 high quality chapters written by specialists working in universities and research centers all over the world. Various aspects will be deeply discussed: channel modeling, beamforming, multiple antennas, cooperative networks, opportunistic VI scheduling, advanced admission control, handover management, systems performance assessment, routing issues in mobility conditions, localization, web security. Advanced techniques for the radio resource management will be discussed both in single and multiple radio technologies; either in infrastructure, mesh or ad hoc networks. In particular, the book is organized following a bottom up structure, starting from the physical level up to the whole system. More precisely, the physical layer aspects are discussed through chapters 1 to 10, with particular emphasis to MIMO systems; from chapter 11 to chapter 18, data link layer and radio resource management are handled without focusing to a specific technology: backward error correction, scheduling, relaying; a deeper investigation of systems performance, with particular reference toWiMAX andWiFi systems, is then given through chapters 19 to 25; heterogeneous wireless networks are then examined through chapters 26 to 29; the cross-layer issues of localization and web security, which are of increasing interest in modern wireless technologies, are finally discussed in the remaining part of the book. Although these pages will not cover all the aspects of such a wide topic, the reader will find a helpful overview on what is happening now and what is expected in an early future in the field of radio communications. It must be remarked that this book was possible thanks to the valuable work of all authors involved and to the IN-TECH technical staff. Alessandro Bazzi* *Alessandro Bazzi works at WiLab (www.wilab.org), an organization with affiliates belonging to the Italian National Council for Researches CNR (ICT Department, IEIIT Institute) and Italian Universities of Bologna and Ferrara. WiLab has expertise in the field of telecommunications systems with particular emphasis on wireless systems; research activity is mainly performed within the context of important national and international projects, in relation with some of the most important manufacturers and service providers, and in strict cooperation with colleagues coming from the main universities in Europe and United States. VII Contents Preface V 1. Radio-communications architectures 001 Antoine Diet, Martine Villegas, Geneviève Baudoin and Fabien Robert 2. Analytical SIR for Cross Layer Channel Model 037 Abdurazak Mudesir and Harald Haas 3. The Impact of Fixed and Moving Scatterers on the Statistics of MIMO Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels 051 Ali Chelli and Matthias Pätzold 4. Planar Antenna Array Hybrid Beamforming for SDMA in Millimeter Wave WPAN 065 Sau-HsuanWu, Lin-Kai Chiu, Ko-Yen Lin and Ming-Chen Chiang 5. A Distributed Multilayer Software Architecture for MIMO Testbeds 077 José A. García-Naya, M. González-López and L. Castedo 6. Recent Developments in Channel Estimation and Detection for MIMO Systems 099 Seyed Mohammad-Sajad Sadough and Mohammad-Ali Khalighi 7. Cooperative MIMO Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks 123 M. Riduan Ahmad, Eryk Dutkiewicz, Xiaojing Huang and M. Kadim Suaidi 8. Optimal Cooperative MIMO Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks 151 M. Riduan Ahmad, Eryk Dutkiewicz, Xiaojing Huang and M. Kadim Suaidi 9. Single/Multi-User MIMO Differential Capacity 167 Daniel Castanheira and Atílio Gameiro 10. Low Dimensional MIMO Systems with Finite Sized Constellation Inputs 185 Rizwan Ghaffar and Raymond Knopp 11. Advanced Hybrid–ARQ Receivers for Broadband MIMO Communications 211 Tarik Ait-Idir, Houda Chafnaji, Samir Saoudi and Athanasios Vasilakos 12. Cooperative ARQ: A Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer Perspective 227 Jesús Alonso-Zárate, Elli Kartsakli, Luis Alonso and Christos Verikoukis VIII 13. A Hybrid Feedback Mechanism to Exploit Multiuser Diversity in Wireless Networks 247 Yahya S. Al-Harthi 14. Opportunistic Access Schemes for Multiuser OFDM Wireless Networks 265 Cédric Gueguen and Sébastien Baey 15. Bidirectional Cooperative Relaying 281 Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay and Shankar Prakriya 16. A Novel Amplify-and-Forward Relay Channel Model for Mobile-to-Mobile Fading Channels Under Line-of-Sight Conditions 307 Batool Talha and Matthias Pätzold 17. Resource Management with Limited Capability of Fixed Relay Station in Multi-hop Cellular Networks 321 Jemin Lee and Daesik Hong 18. On Cross-layer Routing in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks 339 Golnaz Karbaschi, Anne Fladenmuller and Sébastien Baey 19. Mobile WiMAX Performance Investigation 361 Alessandro Bazzi, Giacomo Leonardi, Gianni Pasolini and Oreste Andrisano 20. Throughput-Enhanced Communication Approach for Subscriber Stations in IEEE 802.16 Point-to-Multipoint Networks 385 Chung-Hsien Hsu and Kai-Ten Feng 21. Holdoff Algorithms for IEEE 802.16 Mesh Mode in Multi-hop Wireless Mesh Networks 399 Bong Chan Kim and Hwang Soo Lee 22. Call Admission Control Algorithms based on Random Waypoint Mobility for IEEE802.16e Networks 419 Khalil Ibrahimi, Rachid El-Azouzi, Thierry Peyre and El Houssine Bouyakhf 23. Queueing-Model-Based Analysis for IEEE802.11 Wireless LANs with Non-Saturated Nodes 441 Shigeo Shioda and Mayumi Komatsu 24. Increasing the Time Connected to Already Deployed 802.11 Wireless Networks while Traveling by Subway 457 Jaeouk Ok, Pedro Morales, Masateru Minami and Hiroyuki Morikawa 25. Asymmetric carrier sense in heterogeneous medical networks environment 473 Bin Zhen, Huan-Bang Li, Shinsuke Hara and Ryuji Kohno 26. Multi-Agent Design for the Physical Layer of a Distributed Base Station Network 493 Philippe Leroux and Sébastien Roy IX 27. Inter-RAT Handover Between UMTS And WiMAX 523 Bin LIU, Philippe Martins, Philippe Bertin and Abed Ellatif Samhat 28. MHD-CAR: A Distributed Cross-Layer Solution for Augmenting Seamless Mobility Management Protocols 551 Faqir Zarrar Yousaf, Christian Müller and Christian Wietfeld 29. Mobility in IP Networks: From Link Layer to Application Layer Protocols and Architectures 573 Thienne Johnson, Eleri Cardozo, Rodrigo Prado, Eduardo Zagari and Tomas Badan 30. Positioning in Indoor Mobile Systems 597 Miloš Borenović and Aleksandar Nešković 31. Location in Ad Hoc Networks 619 Israel Martin-Escalona, Marc Ciurana and Francisco Barcelo-Arroyo 32. Location Tracking Schemes for Broadband Wireless Networks 639 Po-Hsuan Tseng and Kai-Ten Feng 33. Wireless Multi-hop Localization Games for Entertainment Computing 651 Tomoya Takenaka, Hiroshi Mineno and Tadanori Mizuno 34. Measuring Network Security 673 Emmanouil Serrelis and Nikolaos Alexandris 35. A testing process for Interoperability and Conformance of secure Web Services 689 Spyridon Papastergiou and Despina Polemi