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Radical Thought In Central America PDF

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R a d i c a l T Radical Thought in Central h o America u g h t i n C e n t r a l A m Sheldon B. Liss e r i c a S h e l d o n B . L i s s ISBN 978-0-367-28492-3 www.routledge.com aninformabusiness (cid:31) Radical Thought in Central America Latin American Perspectives Series Ronald H. Chilcote, Series Editor Dependency and Marxism: Toward a Resolution of the Debate, edited by Ronald H. Chilcote The Fitful Republic: Economy, Society, and Politics in Argentina, Juan E. Corradi Latin America: Capitalist and Socialist Perspectives of Development and Underdevelopment, Ronald H. Chilcote and Joel C. Edelstein Haiti in the World Economy: Class, Race, and Underdevelopment Since 1700, Alex Dupuy t The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and U.S. Power, Susanne Jonas Repression and Resistance: The Struggle for Democracy in Central America, Edelberto Torres Rivas t Radical Thought in Central America, Sheldon B. Liss t Available in hardcover and paperback. Also by Sheldon B. Liss Roots of Revolution: Radical Thought in Cuba Marxist Thought in Latin America Diplomacy and Dependency: Venezuela, the United States, and the Americas Man, State, and Society in Latin American History, coeditor with P. K. Liss The Canal: Aspects of United States-Panamanian Relations A Century of Disagreement: The Chamizal Conflict, 1864-1964 Radical Thought in Central America Sheldon B. Liss First published 1991 by Westview Press Published 2019 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1991 by Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Liss, Sheldon B. Radical thought in Central America / Sheldon B. Liss. p. cm. - (Latin American perspectives series) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8133-8208-4 (he) - ISBN 0-8133-8209-2 (pb) 1. Central America-Politics and government. 2. Central America- Intellectual life-20th century. 3. Radicalism-Central America- History-20th century. 4. Self-determination, National. I. Title. II. Series. F1438.L74 1991 320. 9728-dc20 91-21144 CIP ISBN 13: 978-0-367-28492-3 (hbk) Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Acronyms xi Map of Central America xiii 1 Introduction 1 Radical Intellectuals, 1 Praxis, 3 Marx and His Major Interpreters, 4 The Writers' Approaches, 10 The Author's Approach, 12 Historical Backgrounds, 14 2 Guatemala 25 Juan Jose Arevalo: The Era of Spiritual Socialism, 36 Manuel Galich: Radical Analysis of Liberal Failure, 44 Guillermo Toriello: U.S. Response to Bourgeois Nationalism, 48 Edelberto Torres Rivas: The Consummate Radical Academician, 53 3 El Salvador 63 Agustin Farabundo Marti and Abel Cuenca: Revolutionary Precursors, 75 Salvador Cayetano Carpio: Latin America's Ho Chi Minh, 80 vii viii Contents Roque Dalton: Seeking Justice Through Poetry and Armed Resistance, 85 Rafael Menjivar: Capital Accumulation, Labor, and Land Reform, 91 4 Honduras 97 Graciela A. Garcia: Feminist Revolutionary, 107 Longino Becerra: Adapting Communism to Honduran Reality, 112 Mario Posas: Workers' Movements and Land Tenure Questions, 117 Victor Meza: From 1870s Liberal Reform State to 1980s Pentagon Republic, 122 S Costa Rica 127 Vicente Saenz: Socialist Man of Letters, 139 Manuel Mora: The "Red Pope," 144 Rodolfo Cerdas Cruz: Diagnostician of Institutionalized Democracy, 149 Jose Luis Vega Carballo: The Liberal State and Indirect Domination, 155 6 Nicaragua 159 Ruben Dario: Nicaragua's National Treasure, 172 Augusto Cesar Sandino: "The Freeman's General," 176 Carlos Fonseca Amador: Sandinista Theorist and Revolutionary Martyr, 182 Ernesto Cardenal: God's Revolutionary Minister of Culture, 188 Jaime Wheelock Roman: The Marxist Component of Sandinismo, 196 7 Conclusions 205 Notes 217 Bibliography 251 About the Book and Author 279 Index 281 Acknowledgments Numerous coworkers in the antiinterventionist movement and academic colleagues encouraged me to examine the history of radical thought and action in Central America and to present my findings. For over a quarter of a century, countless people from all walks of life in Latin America have imparted their wisdom to me and graciously facilitated my explo- rations into inter-American relations and radical thought. In the years since the Vietnam War, with the hope of averting similar disasters in the Americas, Central American friends and acquaintances have invited me to analyze the obstacles to, and vehicles for, progress in their region. They have also asked me to convey to the people of my country their ideas, fears, beliefs, and aspirations for a brighter future. In one way or another, through their assistance, insights, or advice, Nora Astorga, Fernando Cardenal, Susan Chester, James Cockcroft, Lisa Freeman, Richard Harris, Felipe Ixcot, Frank LaRue, Uriel Molina, Tommie Sue Montgomery, Lauren Osborn, Helen Ryan, Gary Ruchwarger, Janet Shenk, Edelberto Torres, Edelberto Torres Rivas, Philip Wheaton, Jaime Wheelock, and Ruben Zamora contributed to this work. Donald Ramos read the entire manuscript and offered extremely thought-provoking suggestions that helped me to reshape its contours. Scholarly and activist friends corrected my errors, and their ideas enabled me to clarify my thoughts, write more precisely, and present a more cohesive book. Sarah Lorenz efficiently processed hundreds of my interlibrary loan requests. Mia O'Connor and Edie Richeson typed the manuscript from my quasi- legible longhand draft, handled three sets of "final" revisions, and probably wondered why I have not entered the modern age of computers and word processors. My Westview Press editors, Barbara Ellington, Alice Colwell, and Jane Raese, turned what is generally the aggravating part of the publication process into a pleasurable experience. A final ix x Acknowledgments note of thanks goes to Central America's radical thinkers and writers, especially those about whom I have written. They continually make personal sacrifices to sustain others in the struggle for human dignity and social justice and are an ever-present source of inspiration. Sheldon B. Liss

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