Radiation Protection in Medical Physics PDF
Preview Radiation Protection in Medical Physics
Radiation Protection in Medical Physics NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediter- ranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”. The NATO SPS Series collects to- gether the results of these meetings. The meetings are coorganized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s “Partner” or “Mediterranean Dialogue” countries. The obser- vations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series B: Physics and Biophysics Radiation Protection in Medical Physics Edited by Yves Lemoigne European Scientific Institute Site d’Archamps France Alessandra Caner European Scientific Institute Site d’Archamps France Published in Cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Radiation Protection in Medical Physics Activities Archamps, France 26 November – 1 December 2009 ISBN 978-94-007-0259-2 (PB) ISBN 978-94-007-0246-2 (HB) ISBN 978-94-007-0247-9 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form-or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Preface This book contains the lectures given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute ASI-983455 “Radiation Protection in Medical Physics Activities”, held at the European Scientific Institute of Archamps (ESI, Archamps – France) from November 19 to November 24, 2009. The ASI course was structured in three parts: the first was dedicated to general radiation protection principles while the second shortly reviewed the radiobiology principles indispensable to operators and spe- cialists in this field. The third part was dedicated to radioprotection implementa- tion for medical physics activities in hospitals. The ASI took place after a 5 week period dedicated to the European School of Medical Physics (ESMP), which was devoted to medical imaging and radiotherapy. Being aware of the importance of radiation protection in hospital and medical physics activities, a number of ESMP participants chose to extend their stay and attend the ASI lectures too. The ASI courses devoted to nuclear medicine and digital imaging techniques have been collected in two volumes of the NATO Science Series entitled “Physics for Medical Imaging Applications” (ISBN 978-1-4020-5650-5) and “Molecular imaging: computer reconstruction and practice” (ISBN 978-1-4020-8751-6). The Radiotherapy and Brachytherapy ASI courses are available in a volume of the NATO Science Series entitled “Physics of Modern Radiotherapy & Brachytherapy” (ISBN 978-90-481-3096-2). Every year in autumn ESI organises the European School of Medical Physics, which covers a large spectrum of topics ranging from Medical Imaging to Radiotherapy over a period of five weeks. Thanks to the Cooperative Science and Technology sub-programme of the NATO Science Division, a sixth week was added in 2009, structured as ASI courses dedicated to “Radiation Protection in Medical Physics Activities”. This allowed the participation of experts and students from 20 different countries, with diverse cultural background and professional experience, all of whom could fruitfully share their professional experience and discuss open problems and issues. This opportunity is particularly enriching for our colleagues from the Southern Mediterranean Basin (Algeria, Egypt, and Morocco) who can seldom profit of similar exchanges with the European scientific community. v vi Preface A very pleasant surprise was the exceptional increase in the rate of participation of North African colleagues (30% of total) , which can most likely be ascribed to the active role played by the ASI co-director, Dean Jamal DERKAOUI from the Mohammed Premier University in Oujda, Morocco. A further positive outcome of NATO ASI support is the publication of this book, containing the lecture series contributed by speakers during the ASI. We hope this book will become a reference in radioprotection, addressing an audience of young medical physicists everywhere in the world, increasingly sensi- tive to radioprotection in their medical physics activities at hospitals and radio- therapy facilities We wish to thank all the participants, who allowed the ASI at Archamps to be a success within an excellent international atmosphere: lecturers, students (who participated actively) and all the ESI team (Manfred Buhler-Broglin, Alessandra Caner, Tamara Barberan, Filiz Demolis and Davide Vitè). Many thanks to the Hôpital Cantonal de Genève and to the Radiation Control section of CERN, the European Centre for Nuclear Physics in Geneva, which allowed us to visit the radiation facilities they are in charge of and introduced us to the health safety measures implemented to protect several thousand staff members. Finally, we wish to thank and express our gratitude to the Cooperative Science and Technology sub-programme of the NATO Science Division, lead by Professor Fausto Pedrazzini, without whom this Advance Study Institute would have not been possible. Yves Lemoigne,1 Co-Director of ASI-983455 1European School of Medical Physics, European Scientific Institute, Bâtiment Le Salève, Site d’Archamps F-74166 Archamps (France). Contents Part I General Radiation Protection Principles International Safety Standards ...................................................................... 3 Madan Rehani Radiation Units, Limits and Dose Constraints ............................................. 9 Madan Rehani Part II Radiobiology Principles Molecular Aspects of Radiation Biology ....................................................... 17 Peter Peschke and Günther H. Hartmann Radiobiology in Radiotherapy ....................................................................... 25 Pawel Kukolowicz Part III Radiation Protection Application In Hospital Medical Physics General Principles of Risk Assessment for Ionising Radiation .................. 37 Jim Malone and Geraldine O’Reilly Radiation Protection of the Workers and the Public from Exposed Patients .................................................................................... 41 Jim Malone Installation Shielding in Diagnostic Radiology and Computed Tomography .......................................................................... 45 Jim Malone, Una O’Connor, and Noirin Sheahan vii viii Contents Acceptability Criteria, Justification and Ethical Issues in Using Ionising Radiation ............................................................................ 49 Jim Malone, O. Holmberg, and R. Czarwinski Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation: In Search of an Ideal Detector .............. 53 Pawel Kukolowicz Dose Assessment (for Patients) ...................................................................... 65 Cornelius Lewis Patient Dose Assessment in Nuclear Medicine ............................................. 75 Stelios Christofides Radiation Protection Optimisation in Nuclear Medicine: Therapeutic Procedures ................................................................................. 85 Jim Malone and Geraldine O’Reilly Radiation Protection of Pregnant Women .................................................... 89 Jim Malone and Geraldine O’Reilly Optimization of Dose Distribution................................................................. 93 Pawel Kukolowicz Optimisation of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology ................. 105 Cornelius Lewis Installation Shielding in Cyclotron Facilities ............................................... 113 Riccardo Calandrino Shielding and Facility Design in Nuclear Medicine ..................................... 123 Renato Padovani Installation Shielding in Radiotherapy ......................................................... 133 Riccardo Calandrino Air Contamination Control in Radiochemistry Labs .................................. 141 Riccardo Calandrino Optimisation of Patient and Staff Exposure in Interventional Radiology............................................................................ 161 Renato Padovani Optimization of Radio Protection in Gynecology Brachytherapy .............. 173 Nina Samet Contents ix Radiation Protection Optimisation in Interventional Procedures .............. 177 Nina Samet and Maria Anna Staniszewska Radiation Protection Optimisation in Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine ......... 183 Stelios Christofides Appendix: Color Section ................................................................................ 191 wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
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