Radiation Physics for Nuclear Medicine PDF
Preview Radiation Physics for Nuclear Medicine
Radiation Physics for Nuclear Medicine Marie Claire Cantone (cid:129) Christoph Hoeschen Editors Radiation Physics for Nuclear Medicine 1 3 Editors Prof.Dr.MarieClaireCantone Prof.Dr.ChristophHoeschen UniversitàdegliStudidiMilano HelmholtzZentrumMünchen Dept.ofPhysics DeutschesForschungszentrum ViaCeloria fürGesundheitundUmwelt(GmbH) 20133Milano IngolstädterLandstr.1 Italy 85764Neuherberg [email protected] Germany [email protected] ISBN978-3-642-11326-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-11327-7 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-11327-7 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011921696 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright. Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermitted onlyundertheprovisions oftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. Inevery individual case the user must check such information by consultingtherelevantliterature. Coverdesign:eStudioCalamar,Figueres/Berlin Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) In Memory of Niky Molho (1938–1993) The training course held in Milan on November 2008 on Radiation Physics in Nuclear Medicine, on which basis this book is conceived,was dedicatedto mem- oryofNikyMolho,ontheoccasionofthefifteenthanniversaryofhisdeath.Niky Molho was Professor of Medical Physics at the Universita` degli Studi di Milano (State Universityof Milan),Faculty of Medicine,and leader of the Research Unit onMedicalPhysicsattheDepartmentofPhysicsofthesameUniversity. ItwasFebruary21,1993whenasuddendeathtookNikyawayfromhisdedicated andpassionateteachingandresearchactivitiesattheageof55. AfterreceivingtheUniversitydegreeinPhysicsin1962,hestartedtodirecthis researchinterestsinthefieldofexperimentalnuclearphysics,withparticularatten- tionforstudiesconcerningreactionmechanisms,modelsofinterpretation,gamma spectroscopyand instrumentation.From 1970 when he started to teach physicsto the medicalstudents of the Faculty of Medicine in Milan, he started also to focus his research activity toward the medical field, by making full use of his accumu- lated experiences and knowledge in nuclear physics. He started the development of a new methodology,based on nuclear activation by mean of proton beams for the quantitative analysis of trace elements in biological samples. Such methodol- ogywasusedwithgreatsuccessforthedeterminationofoligo-elementsinhuman blood. On these premises he started a very close cooperationwith the Institute of BiophysicalRadiationResearchoftheGSFin FrankfurtamMain,Germany.This collaboration has been kept alive by his former students and collaborators until thesedays,althoughtheGermancounterparthasnowchangeditsname(Helmholtz ZentrumMu¨nchen,GermanResearchCenterforEnvironmentalHealth,Department ofRadiationSciences)andlocation(Munich). Also as a result of this cooperation, he then oriented his efforts to the inves- tigation of the metabolism of oligo-elements by using stable isotopes as tracers, opening a new field of research of fundamental importance for potential appli- cations in various medical fields, including radiation protection. The result of the biokineticstudies that were initiated by Niky more than 25 years ago are actually currentlyemployedforthevalidationandtherevisionofthebiokineticmodelsfor selectedradionuclidespresentedbytheInternationalCommissiononRadiological Protection,ICRP. v vi InMemoryofNikyMolho(1938–1993) Beyondhisscientific contributions,Nikyhastoberememberedasapassionate teacherattheFacultyofMedicineinMilan,wherehebecamefullprofessorin1987. Overtheyearshealsosupervisedasignificantnumberofdiplomathesesinphysics andmasterthesesinmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofMilanwithdedicationand contagiousenthusiasm. In parallel with his research and teaching activities, he dedicated a great deal of time and effortsto the promotionof the Medical Physics at all levels, since he wasreallyconvincedoftheimportanceofthisinterdisciplinarybranchofPhysics. HehasbeenactivelyinvolvedinthemostimportantinitiativesinthisfieldinItaly andinEurope.Anexampleofthisactivityistheorganizationofthefirstcourseof EFOMP AdvancedSchoolof MedicalPhysics in Como, Italy, May 1992,dealing with ‘Metabolism Studies using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Positron EmissionTomography’,withparticipantsandstudentsfromalloverEurope. Ascolleaguesandstudentsofthosedays,nowactiveinvariouspositionsinItaly andinEurope,we allrememberverywellhowNikywasconstantlyavailableand attentivetoourconcerns,questionsandneeds.Inparticular,hewasabletoestablish anopenminddialoguewithyoungstudentsinphysics,evenondifficultandcontro- versialmatters,asonly,anenthusiasticandpassionateteachercando.Manyofus willalwayslookrespectfullyathisrigorhimasaprecious“secondfather”. MarieClaireCantone Contents PartI Introduction 1 TheRoleofRadiationPhysicsinNuclearMedicine...................... 3 MarieClaireCantoneandChristophHoeschen 2 TheMolecularImagingPathwaytoBiomedicalPhysics................. 7 FridtjofNu¨sslin PartII FundamentalProcessesonRadiationPhysics 3 Mechanisms of the Interactions Between Radiation andMatter..................................................................... 15 GiuseppeBattistoni 4 PrinciplesofMonteCarloCalculationsandCodes....................... 35 AlbertoFasso`,AlfredoFerrari,andPaolaR.Sala PartIII RadiationSourcesandRadiopharmaceuticalProductions 5 Sealed Radionuclide and X-RaySources in Nuclear Medicine....................................................................... 61 So¨renMattssonandArneSkretting 6 RadiopharmaceuticalProduction........................................... 71 UweHolzwarth 7 ResearchandDevelopmentofNewRadiopharmaceuticals..............105 GerhardHoll PartIV RadiationDetectorsforMedicalApplications 8 Basic Principles of Detection of Ionizing Radiation UsedinMedicalImaging ....................................................141 AndrejStudenandMarkoMikuzˇ vii viii Contents 9 ScintillatorsandSemiconductorDetectors................................161 IvanVeronese 10 NewTrendsinDetectorsforMedicalImaging............................175 GabrielaLlosa´andCarlosLacasta PartV NewFrontiersinNuclearMedicine 11 ThePETMagnifierProbe...................................................195 CarlosLacasta,NealH.Clinthorne,andGabrielaLlosa´ 12 AlgorithmsforImageReconstruction......................................211 Christoph Hoeschen, Magdalena Rafecas, andTimoAspelmeier 13 BiokineticModelsforRadiopharmaceuticals.............................233 AugustoGiussaniandHelenaUusija¨rvi 14 VoxelPhantomsforInternalDosimetry ...................................257 Maria Zankl, Helmut Schlattl, Nina Petoussi-Henss, andChristophHoeschen Index.................................................................................281
The list of books you might like
