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Radiation in Medicine and Biology PDF

239 Pages·2017·9.607 MB·English
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Radiation in Medicine and Biology Radiation in Medicine and Biology edited by Pandit B. Vidyasagar Sagar S. Jagtap Omprakash Yemul Pan Stanford Publishing Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3 8 Temasek Boulevard Singapore 038988 Email: [email protected] Web: www.panstanford.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Radiation in Medicine and Biology Copyright © 2017 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4745-92-5 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-315-20656-1 (eBook) Printed in the USA Contents Preface xi Foreword by Dr. Madan M. Rehani xv Foreword by Prof. K. P. Mishra xvii Part 1: New Techniques iN Radiation Therapy 1. Generation of Bremsstrahlung Radiation from Different Low- to High-Z Targets for Medical Applications: A Simulation Approach 3 Bhushankumar Jagnnath Patil, VasantNagesh Bhoraskar, and Sanjay Daga Dhole 1.1 Introduction 4 1.1.1 Historical Background 4 1.1.2 Radiation Therapies for Cancer Diseases 5 1.1.3 Today’s Status in the World and India 6 1.1.4 Importance and Objective 8 1.2 Interaction of Radiations with Matter 9 1.2.1 Interaction of Electrons with Matter 9 1.2.1.1 Elastic collision with atomic electron 9 1.2.1.2 Elastic collision with atomic nuclei 9 1.2.1.3 Inelastic collision with atomic electron 9 1.2.1.4 Inelastic collision with atomic nuclei 10 1.2.2 Interaction of Photons with Matter 10 1.2.2.1 Photoelectric effect 11 1.2.2.2 Compton scattering 11 1.2.2.3 Pair production 11 1.2.2.4 Photonuclear absorption 12 1.2.3 Basic Mechanism of Cell Killing by Radiation 12 1.3 Methodology 15 1.3.1 Monte Carlo-Based FLUKA Simulation 15 vi Contents 1.4 Case Studies 16 1.4.1 Case I: Design of e-g Target for Radiation Therapy 16 1.4.2 Case II: An Optimization of Accelerator Head Assembly for Radiotherapy 22 1.4.2.1 Accelerator head assembly 23 1.4.2.2 Optimization of accelerator head assembly 25 1.5 Conclusion 29 2. The Investigation of Cobalt-60 Tomotherapy 33 Chandra P. Joshi, Pandit B. Vidyasagar, and L. John Schreiner 2.1 Introduction 34 2.1.1 Tomotherapy 36 2.2 Investigations of an Efficient Co-60 Source Design 37 2.2.1 Description and Validation of the New Source Code 39 2.2.2 Effect of Rectangular-Shaped Co-60 Source Width on Fan Beam Output 40 2.2.3 Penumbra and Fringe Distance Estimates for Different Hypothetical Units 42 2.3 Hypothetical Co-60 Tomotherapy Units 44 2.3.1 Intensity-Modulated Fan Beam Energy Fluence Profiles 44 2.4 Tomotherapy Treatment Planning 47 2.4.1 Dose Calculation Program and Monte Carlo Simulations 48 2.5 Discussion 51 2.6 A Brief Review of Recent Developments in Co-60-Based RT 53 2.7 Conclusions 55 3. Ferrous Sulfate-Benzoic Acid-Xylenol Orange Chemical Dosimetry System in Radiotherapy 59 Manoj K. Semwal and Pandit B. Vidyasagar 3.1 Introduction 60 3.1.1 Chemical Dosimetry 61 Contents vii 3.1.2 Fricke System 61 3.1.3 Ferrous Sulfate-Benzoic Acid-Xylenol Orange Dosimetry System 62 3.1.3.1 Applications of FBX dosimetry in radiotherapy 62 3.2 Experiments 66 3.2.1 Preparation of FBX Dosimetry Solution 66 3.2.2 Spectrophotometer, Colorimeter and Optical Density Measurements 68 3.2.3 Determination of Optimum acid Concentration and Maximum Absorption Wavelength 70 3.2.4 Suitability of Polypropylene Tubes for Irradiation 71 3.2.5 Minimum Measurable Dose with Colorimeter and Spectrophotometer 72 3.2.6 In vivo Dose Measurements with the FBX System 74 3.2.7 Assessing Potential of FBX Dosimeter for Dynamic Wedge Profile Determination 76 3.2.8 Response of the FBX Dosimeter to a Carbon Beam 80 3.3 Results and Discussions 82 3.4 Summary and Conclusions 93 3.5 Future Scope 96 4. Radiobiological Effects in Fractionated Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients 101 Arumugham Balraj, Pandit B. Vidyasagar, N. Chakravarty, P. K. Thakur, and S. Bhatnagar 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 Materials and Methods 104 4.2.1 Conventional Fractionation 104 4.2.2 Hyperfractionation 105 4.2.3 External Beam Radiation Therapy on Theratron-780E Co-60 Teletherapy Machine 105 viii Contents 4.2.4 Follow-Up 106 4.2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurances 106 4.3 Results and Discussion 107 4.3.1 Characteristics of the Patients 107 4.3.2 Disease-Free Survival 110 4.3.3 Formula for Calculation of BED for Conventional Fractionations 111 4.3.4 Formula for Calculation of BED for Hyperfractionation 112 4.3.5 Conventional BED Calculations 112 4.3.6 Hyperfractionation BED Calculations 112 4.3.7 Comparison of Conventional and Hyperfractionation of BED Calculations 112 5. Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy of Cancer: New Perspectives for Cancer Treatment 117 Pratip Shil, Pandit B. Vidyasagar, and Kaushala Prasad Mishra 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Electroporation Technologies 118 5.3 Biophysical Basis of Electroporation 119 5.4 Combining Radiation with Anticancer Drugs and Electroporation 120 5.5 New Protocols-Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy 121 5.5.1 Effects on Cancer Cells: In vitro Studies 121 5.5.2 Effects on Tumors: In vivo Studies 123 5.6 Conclusion 124 6. Motivation to Explore New Techniques for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Immense Importance in Biological and Medicinal Applications 129 Kashinath A. Bogle, Vasant N. Bhoraskar, Sanjay D. Dhole, Megha P. Mahabole, and Rajendra S. Khairnar 6.1 Introduction 130 6.2 Experimental 131 6.3 Results and Discussion 132 6.4 Conclusion 141 Contents ix 7. Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Radiation Therapy 145 Prabhakar Dongre 7.1 Introduction and Background 146 7.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Radiation Therapy 148 7.3 GNP-Assisted Hyperthermia 151 7.4 GNPs Targeted Therapy 153 7.5 Conclusions 154 Part 2: Effects of lONiZiNG RADiATiONS on BiOLOGiCAL Systems 8. The Combined Effect of Hyper-Gravity and Gamma-lrradiation on Physiology of Wheat Seedlings 161 Sandhya Singh, Sagar S. Jagtap, and Pandit B. Vidyasagar 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 Materials and Methods 163 8.2.1 Seed Selection 163 8.2.2 Combined Hyper-Gravity and Gamma-Irradiation Treatment 163 8.2.3 Growth Parameters 163 8.2.4 Fluorescence Parameters 164 8.2.5 Proline Content 164 8.3 Results and Discussion 164 8.3.1 Germination Percentage 165 8.3.2 Average Shoot Length 165 8.3.3 Average Root Length 166 8.3.4 Fluorescence Parameters 167 8.3.5 Total Proline Content 168 8.4 Conclusion 169 9. The Study of the Effect of UV-C Radiation on the Current-Voltage Characteristics of Chitosan Membranes 175 Ni Nyoman Rupiasih, Made Sumadiyasa, and Putu Erika Winasri 9.1 Introduction 176

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