Radiation in Medicine and Biology

239 Pages·2017·9.607 MB·English

by  Pandit B. Vidyasagar, Sagar S. Jagtap, Omprakash Yemul

Radiation
in Medicine
and Biology

Radiation
in Medicine
and Biology
edited by
Pandit B. Vidyasagar
Sagar S. Jagtap
Omprakash Yemul
Pan Stanford Publishing
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.panstanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Radiation in Medicine and Biology
Copyright © 2017 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system
now known or to be invented, without written permission from the
publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee
through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive,
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required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-981-4745-92-5 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-315-20656-1 (eBook)
Printed in the USA
Contents
Preface xi
Foreword by Dr. Madan M. Rehani xv
Foreword by Prof. K. P. Mishra xvii
Part 1: New Techniques iN Radiation Therapy
1. Generation of Bremsstrahlung Radiation from Different
Low- to High-Z Targets for Medical Applications:
A Simulation Approach 3
Bhushankumar Jagnnath Patil, VasantNagesh Bhoraskar,
and Sanjay Daga Dhole
1.1 Introduction 4
1.1.1 Historical Background 4
1.1.2 Radiation Therapies for Cancer Diseases 5
1.1.3 Today’s Status in the World and India 6
1.1.4 Importance and Objective 8
1.2 Interaction of Radiations with Matter 9
1.2.1 Interaction of Electrons with Matter 9
1.2.1.1 Elastic collision with atomic electron 9
1.2.1.2 Elastic collision with atomic nuclei 9
1.2.1.3 Inelastic collision with atomic electron 9
1.2.1.4 Inelastic collision with atomic nuclei 10
1.2.2 Interaction of Photons with Matter 10
1.2.2.1 Photoelectric effect 11
1.2.2.2 Compton scattering 11
1.2.2.3 Pair production 11
1.2.2.4 Photonuclear absorption 12
1.2.3 Basic Mechanism of Cell Killing by Radiation 12
1.3 Methodology 15
1.3.1 Monte Carlo-Based FLUKA Simulation 15
vi Contents
1.4 Case Studies 16
1.4.1 Case I: Design of e-g Target for Radiation
Therapy 16
1.4.2 Case II: An Optimization of Accelerator
Head Assembly for Radiotherapy 22
1.4.2.1 Accelerator head assembly 23
1.4.2.2 Optimization of accelerator head
assembly 25
1.5 Conclusion 29
2. The Investigation of Cobalt-60 Tomotherapy 33
Chandra P. Joshi, Pandit B. Vidyasagar, and L. John Schreiner
2.1 Introduction 34
2.1.1 Tomotherapy 36
2.2 Investigations of an Efficient Co-60 Source Design 37
2.2.1 Description and Validation of the
New Source Code 39
2.2.2 Effect of Rectangular-Shaped Co-60
Source Width on Fan Beam Output 40
2.2.3 Penumbra and Fringe Distance Estimates
for Different Hypothetical Units 42
2.3 Hypothetical Co-60 Tomotherapy Units 44
2.3.1 Intensity-Modulated Fan Beam
Energy Fluence Profiles 44
2.4 Tomotherapy Treatment Planning 47
2.4.1 Dose Calculation Program and Monte Carlo
Simulations 48
2.5 Discussion 51
2.6 A Brief Review of Recent Developments in
Co-60-Based RT 53
2.7 Conclusions 55
3. Ferrous Sulfate-Benzoic Acid-Xylenol Orange Chemical
Dosimetry System in Radiotherapy 59
Manoj K. Semwal and Pandit B. Vidyasagar
3.1 Introduction 60
3.1.1 Chemical Dosimetry 61
Contents vii
3.1.2 Fricke System 61
3.1.3 Ferrous Sulfate-Benzoic Acid-Xylenol Orange
Dosimetry System 62
3.1.3.1 Applications of FBX dosimetry in
radiotherapy 62
3.2 Experiments 66
3.2.1 Preparation of FBX Dosimetry Solution 66
3.2.2 Spectrophotometer, Colorimeter and
Optical Density Measurements 68
3.2.3 Determination of Optimum acid
Concentration and Maximum
Absorption Wavelength 70
3.2.4 Suitability of Polypropylene Tubes for
Irradiation 71
3.2.5 Minimum Measurable Dose with
Colorimeter and Spectrophotometer 72
3.2.6 In vivo Dose Measurements
with the FBX System 74
3.2.7 Assessing Potential of FBX Dosimeter for
Dynamic Wedge Profile Determination 76
3.2.8 Response of the FBX Dosimeter to a Carbon
Beam 80
3.3 Results and Discussions 82
3.4 Summary and Conclusions 93
3.5 Future Scope 96
4. Radiobiological Effects in Fractionated Radiotherapy
of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients 101
Arumugham Balraj, Pandit B. Vidyasagar, N. Chakravarty,
P. K. Thakur, and S. Bhatnagar
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 Materials and Methods 104
4.2.1 Conventional Fractionation 104
4.2.2 Hyperfractionation 105
4.2.3 External Beam Radiation Therapy on
Theratron-780E Co-60 Teletherapy
Machine 105
viii Contents
4.2.4 Follow-Up 106
4.2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurances 106
4.3 Results and Discussion 107
4.3.1 Characteristics of the Patients 107
4.3.2 Disease-Free Survival 110
4.3.3 Formula for Calculation of BED
for Conventional Fractionations 111
4.3.4 Formula for Calculation of BED for
Hyperfractionation 112
4.3.5 Conventional BED Calculations 112
4.3.6 Hyperfractionation BED Calculations 112
4.3.7 Comparison of Conventional and
Hyperfractionation of BED Calculations 112
5. Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy of Cancer: New
Perspectives for Cancer Treatment 117
Pratip Shil, Pandit B. Vidyasagar, and Kaushala Prasad Mishra
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Electroporation Technologies 118
5.3 Biophysical Basis of Electroporation 119
5.4 Combining Radiation with Anticancer Drugs
and Electroporation 120
5.5 New Protocols-Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy 121
5.5.1 Effects on Cancer Cells: In vitro Studies 121
5.5.2 Effects on Tumors: In vivo Studies 123
5.6 Conclusion 124
6. Motivation to Explore New Techniques for Synthesis of
Metal Nanoparticles and Their Immense Importance in
Biological and Medicinal Applications 129
Kashinath A. Bogle, Vasant N. Bhoraskar, Sanjay D. Dhole,
Megha P. Mahabole, and Rajendra S. Khairnar
6.1 Introduction 130
6.2 Experimental 131
6.3 Results and Discussion 132
6.4 Conclusion 141
Contents ix
7. Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Radiation Therapy 145
Prabhakar Dongre
7.1 Introduction and Background 146
7.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Radiation
Therapy 148
7.3 GNP-Assisted Hyperthermia 151
7.4 GNPs Targeted Therapy 153
7.5 Conclusions 154
Part 2: Effects of lONiZiNG RADiATiONS on
BiOLOGiCAL Systems
8. The Combined Effect of Hyper-Gravity and
Gamma-lrradiation on Physiology of Wheat Seedlings 161
Sandhya Singh, Sagar S. Jagtap, and Pandit B. Vidyasagar
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Materials and Methods 163
8.2.1 Seed Selection 163
8.2.2 Combined Hyper-Gravity and
Gamma-Irradiation Treatment 163
8.2.3 Growth Parameters 163
8.2.4 Fluorescence Parameters 164
8.2.5 Proline Content 164
8.3 Results and Discussion 164
8.3.1 Germination Percentage 165
8.3.2 Average Shoot Length 165
8.3.3 Average Root Length 166
8.3.4 Fluorescence Parameters 167
8.3.5 Total Proline Content 168
8.4 Conclusion 169
9. The Study of the Effect of UV-C Radiation on the
Current-Voltage Characteristics of Chitosan Membranes 175
Ni Nyoman Rupiasih, Made Sumadiyasa, and Putu Erika Winasri
9.1 Introduction 176