Radar Principles for the Non-Specialist PDF
Preview Radar Principles for the Non-Specialist
RADAR PRINCIPLES FOR THE NON-SPECIALIST RADAR PRINCIPLES FOR THE NON-SPECIALIST SECOND EDITION J. C. Toomay Imil5l Van Nostrand Reinhold ~_~NewYork Copyright © 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-27982 ISBN-J3: 978-94-011-6987-5 e-ISBN-J3: 978-94-011-6985-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-011-6985-1 All rights reserved. Certain portions of this work © 1982 by Van Nostrand Reinhold. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher. Van Nostrand Reinhold 115 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10003 Van Nostrand Reinhold International Company Limited 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE, England Van Nostrand Reinhold 480 La Trobe Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Macmillan of Canada Division of Canada Publishing Corporation 164 Commander Boulevard Agincourt, Ontario MIS 3C7, Canada 16 15 14 J3 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Library of Congress Cataioging-in-Publication Data Toomay, J. C. (John C.), 1922- Radar principles for the non-specialist. Bibliography: p. 1. Radar. I. Title. TK6575.T66 1989 621.3848 88-27982 ISBN-J3: 978-94-011-6987-5 PREFACE What This Book Is This book is about radar. It will teach you the essentials of radar, the underlying principles. It is not like an engineering handbook which pro vides detailed design equations without explaining either derivation or rationale. It is not like a graduate school textbook which may be abstruse and esoteric to the point of incomprehensibility. And it is not like an anthology of popular magazine articles which may be gaudy but superfi cial. It is an attempt to distill the very complex, rich technology of radar into its fundamentals, tying them to the laws of nature on one end and to the most modern and complex systems on the other. Who It's For If your work requires you to supervise or meet as coequals with radar systems engineers or designers, this book will allow you to understand them, to question them intelligently and perhaps to provide them with a perspective (a dispassionate yet competent view) that they lack. If you are trained in another discipline but have been made the man ager of a radar project or a system program that has one or more radars as sub-systems, this book will provide you with the tools you need, not only to give your team members confidence, but also to make a substantive technical contribution yourself. If you are intellectually curious about "the way radars work," not satisfied with a casual explanation, yet without the time to take a course leading to a master's degree, this book will provide you the level of comprehension you seek. For over 20 years, I was associated with scientists, engineers, mathe maticians, business administration graduates and other college-educated people, all of whom aspired to jobs with broader responsibilities. Without exception, these people craved expertise in the various technical areas their expanding horizons exposed them to. One of the principal technical areas was radar. (Surprisingly, even the electrical engineers with recent degrees had no knowledge of radar-which is really a specialty to be taken up in graduate school.) A rudimentary version ofthis book was put together in response to that particular situation, but my subsequent expe rience revealed an even broader need for knowledge of this sort. v vi Preface How It Approaches Radar Because this book is focused on imparting whole pieces of knowledge, developed with an evolutionary approach and tied together with a thread of logic, it starts with electromagnetic propagation, describes a radar of the utmost simplicity and derives the radar range equation from that simple radar. Once the range equation is available, the book attacks the meaning of each term in it, moving through antennas, detection and track ing, radar cross-section, waveforms and signal processing, and systems applications in an orderly progression. At the finish, the reader should be able to do an acceptable, first-order radar design, including some trading off of design parameters to achieve a more efficient system. But, more importantly, the reader should know enough to critique the designs of others and to understand which technical issues are fundamental and which are simply design frills. While clever design ideas, and acronyms for them, are rampant, radar functions do not change. Thus, while there is no way to keep up with each new design wrinkle, knowledge of the principles that govern them will give instant critical understanding. What Is Unusual This book does three things that-although perhaps not unique-are unusual. It presents a comprehensive set of radar principles-including all the features of the latest applications-in a relatively short volume. It presents these principles with their underlying derivations, using the sim plest mathematics possible, explaining the steps, and using only popularly tabulated functions, integrals and other expressions. And it uses the same method of derivation, the same mathematics and the same conceptual approach to discussing all antennas and all waveforms. Other authors are aware of the analogs between spatial functions and time functions, and often cite them, but they do not usually try to develop these concepts as a single whole. What Is Useful This book presents information in logical chunks which are meant to be self-contained. Most chapters stand alone; the reader may be selective and still benefit. The chapters are scaled to their information content rather than the time required to absorb them. Some readers will require much more effort than others to master a particular chapter. There are two levels of comprehension provided: The reader may simply memorize key relationships, which are always identified in the text or may master Preface vii the principle and its derivation. Useful references are provided, general references being preferred. Exercises at the end of each chapter are calcu lated not to stump the reader, but to reinforce the concepts presented and illustrate their applications. Nevertheless, with the exception of chapters on waveforms and systems applications, most readers will find an eve ning's time sufficient for a chapter. How It Is Organized The book goes from the fundamental toward the more complex, and from philosophy to quantification. Its foundation is the radar range equation, as the following outline shows: CHAPTER TITLE PROCESS Elementary Electromag History, technical funda netics and The Radar mentals, deriving the Range Equation Radar Equation 2 Antennas 3 Detection & Tracking 4 Radar Cross Section Treating terms in the 5 Waveforms & Signal Radar Equation. Processing 6 Electronic Countermea sures (ECM) 7 Systems Applications U sing the Radar Equation 8 Loose Ends of Radar Cleaning up loose ends Lore 9 Radar Potentials and Generalizing on what we Limitations have learned J. C. Toomay SYMBOLS A, Aeff, A() Area, effective area, ambiguity a Radius measure B() Bandwidth or ratio of bandwidth C, c, c() Circumference, velocity of light, arbitrary constant D, d Diameter, distance or separation measure e Base of the natural logarithm (2.71828) E Energy erf(x) The error function of the Normal Distribution f,fd,6.f Cycle frequency, Doppler frequency, fre quency difference G, g Gain h Altitude, height, Planck's constant J() Bessel functions V-l j K, k Boltzmann's Constant, wave number (27T/A), or constant Length measure N, n, ii RMS Noise power, number, the mean of a number Ne Electron density No Root-mean-square noise voltage D() An observation p() Probability density, probability quantities p() Points R(), 6.R, Ro Range measures, range interval, earth radius r Radius measure Res, Res Resolution and maximum resolution max s RMS signal power ix x Symbols S/J Signal-to-jamming noise ratio SL Sidelobe level SIN Signal-to-noise ratio (SINh Total signal-to-noise ratio T, Ts, !1T, t, to, !1t Time, system temperature, rise time of a pulse, the tabulated variable for erf (x), inte gration time, time interval v, Vs Volume or voltage, peak signal voltage v, !1v Velocity, velocity interval, or voltage differ ence Dependent variable, sample mean A verage after n observations Angle measure or Type I statistical error Phase, bandwidth, or Type II statistical error Pointing angle, gain over clutter An interval of time (pulse repetition interval) An interval of frequency (pulse repetition frequency) A measure of deviation e,e; An arbitrarily small increment, error Index of refraction, quantum efficiency YJ 8, !18 Angle measure, beamwidth, parameter in exponential distribution, small difference in angle Wavelength Collision frequency JJ Pi (3.14159) p Reflectivity Radar cross section (RCS) or statistical stan dard deviation, peak RCS, average RCS, initial RCS, clutter velocity spread, clutter RCS per unit area Pulse duration 7 Angle measure, phase measure Symbols xi Reflection coefficient (power) Solid angle, Faraday rotation w Radian Frequency (27T f) Total Power Clutter cancellation ratio Distance
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