Radar and ARPA Manual, Second Edition: Radar and Target Tracking for Professional Mariners, Yachtsmen and Users of Marine Radar

564 Pages·2005·4.29 MB·English

by  A G Bole

Radar and ARPA Manual
To Keith
Radar and ARPA Manual
Second Edition
Alan Bole, Extra Master Mariner, FRIN, FNI
Bill Dineley, Extra Master Mariner, MPhil
Alan Wall, PhD, FRIN, MNI, Master Mariner
• • • • •
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD
• • • • •
PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
ElsevierButterworth-Heinemann
LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP
30CorporateDrive,Burlington,MA01803
Firstpublished1990
Firstpublishedasapaperbackedition1992
Reprinted1997,1999(twice),2000,2001,2003
Secondedition2005
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CONTENTS
Preface to Second Edition xv 1.5.2 The true-motion presentation 20
1.5.3 Choice of presentation 25
Preface to First Edition xvi
Acknowledgements xvii 2 The radar system – operational
principles 27
1 Basic radar principles 1
2.1 Introduction 27
1.1 Introduction 1
2.2 Function of units 27
1.2 Principles of range measurement 1
2.2.1 The transmitter function 27
1.2.1 The echo principle 1
2.2.2 The aerial function 29
1.2.2 Range as a function of time 2
2.2.3 The receiver function 29
1.2.3 The timebase 3
2.2.4 The display function 30
1.2.4 Calibration of the timebase 4
1.2.5 The synthetic display 6 2.3 Transmitter principles 32
2.3.1 Thepulserepetitionfrequency 32
1.3 Principles of bearing measurement 8
2.3.2 The pulse length, power
1.3.1 Directional transmission and
and shape 33
reception 8
2.3.3 The radio frequency of the
1.3.2 Synchronization of scanner
transmitted pulse 37
and trace 9
2.3.4 Selection of PRF and pulse
1.3.3 The build-up of the picture 9
length and their relationship
1.3.4 The heading marker 9
with range scale 40
1.3.5 Bearing measurement 10
2.4 Aerial principles 41
1.4 Picture orientation 11
2.4.1 Aerial concepts 41
1.4.1 Ship’s-head-up orientation
2.4.2 The horizontal beamwidth 44
(unstabilized) 11
1.4.2 True-north-up orientation 2.4.3 The vertical beamwidth 50
(stabilized) 14 2.4.4 Aerial rotation rate 52
1.4.3 Course-up orientation 2.4.5 Aerial and display rotation link 53
(stabilized) 17 2.4.6 Heading marker data 56
1.4.4 Choice of orientation 17 2.4.7 Radar phased array aerial
systems 57
1.5 Picture presentation 18
1.5.1 The relative-motion 2.5 Receiver principles 59
presentation 18 2.5.1 The radio frequency section 59
vi CONTENTS
2.5.2 The intermediate frequency 3.3.5 Size 147
amplifier 62 3.3.6 Responsesfromspecifictargets 153
2.5.3 The video section 70
3.4 Target enhancement – passive 154
2.6 Display principles 73 3.4.1 Corner reflectors 154
2.6.1 The cathode ray tube (CRT) 73 3.4.2 Arrays of reflectors 156
2.6.2 Real-time picture generation 79 3.4.3 The Lunenburg lens 159
2.6.3 Compass (or azimuth) 3.4.4 Buoy patterns 160
stabilization 82
3.5 Target enhancement – active 160
2.6.4 The provision of
3.5.1 The racon principle 160
true-motion facilities on a
3.5.2 The racon appearance on
radial CRT display 83
the display 161
2.6.5 Echo paint 89
3.5.3 Frequency and polarization 162
2.6.6 The radial-scan synthetic
3.5.4 The ramark 166
display 95
3.5.5 Sources of radar beacon
2.6.7 The raster-scan synthetic
information 166
display 110
3.5.6 The Radaflare 166
2.7 The siting of units on board ship 132 3.5.7 Search and rescue
2.7.1 Aerial siting 132 transponders (SARTs) 166
2.7.2 The transceiver unit 137
3.6 The detection of targets in sea clutter 170
2.7.3 The display unit 138
3.6.1 The nature of sea clutter
2.7.4 Compass safe distances 138
response 172
2.7.5 Exposed and protected
3.6.2 The clutter problem
equipment 138
summarized 177
2.7.6 Power supplies 139
3.6.3 The suppression of
2.7.7 High voltage hazards 139
displayed sea clutter signals 177
2.7.8 Interswitching 139
3.7 The detection of targets in
3 Target detection 142 precipitation clutter 184
3.7.1 The nature of precipitation
3.1 Introduction 142
response 185
3.2 Radar characteristics 143 3.7.2 Attenuation in precipitation 186
3.2.1 Transmitter characteristics 143 3.7.3 The effect of precipitation
3.2.2 Antenna characteristics 143 type 186
3.2.3 Receiver characteristics 143 3.7.4 The suppression of rain clutter 187
3.2.4 Minimum detection range 144 3.7.5 Combating the attenuation
3.2.5 Detection performance caused by precipitation 191
standards 145 3.7.6 Exploiting the ability of
radar to detect precipitation 191
3.3 Target characteristics 146
3.3.1 Aspect 146 3.8 The radar horizon 192
3.3.2 Surface texture 146 3.8.1 The effect of standard
3.3.3 Material 146 atmospheric conditions 192
3.3.4 Shape 147 3.8.2 Sub-refraction 194
CONTENTS vii
3.8.3 Super-refraction 196 4.3.3 Thenumberoftargetstobe
3.8.4 Extra super-refraction or tracked 223
ducting 197 4.3.4 Target loss 224
3.9 False and unwanted radar responses 198 4.3.5 Target swap 224
3.9.1 Introduction 198 4.3.6 The analysis of tracks and
3.9.2 Indirect echoes the display of data 224
(reflected echoes) 198 4.3.7 Tracking history 231
3.9.3 Multiple echoes 202
4.4 Vectors 232
3.9.4 Side echoes 203
4.4.1 Relative vectors 234
3.9.5 Radar-to-radar interference 204
4.4.2 True vectors 234
3.9.6 Second-trace echoes 206
4.4.3 Trial manoeuvre 235
3.9.7 False echoes from power
cables 210 4.5 The ARPA and ATA display 237
3.10 Future advances in target detection 213 4.5.1 The continued availability
3.10.1 Coherent radar systems 213 of radar data in the event
of an ATA or ARPA
4 Automatic target tracking, specified malfunction 237
facilities 215 4.5.2 The size of the display 237
4.1 Introduction 215 4.5.3 The range scales on which
4.1.1 Integral and stand-alone ARPA and ATA facilities
displays 216 should be available 237
4.5.4 The modes of display 237
4.1.2 Current plotting carriage
4.5.5 ARPA or ATA data should
requirements, standards
not obscure radar
and operator training
data 237
(1997 and 2001 standards) 216
4.5.6 The ARPA and ATA data
4.1.3 Future carriage
brilliance control 237
requirements, standards
4.5.7 The ability to view the
and operator training 218
display 238
4.1.4 Compliance with the
4.5.8 The use of the marker
IMO Performance
for range and bearing
Standards 219
measurement 238
4.2 The acquisition of targets 219
4.5.9 The effect of changing
4.2.1 The acquisition
range scales 239
specification 219
4.2.2 Manual acquisition 220 4.6 Thedisplayofalphanumericdata 239
4.2.3 Fully automatic acquisition 220
4.7 Alarms and warnings 239
4.2.4 Automatic acquisition by
4.7.1 Guard zone violation 239
area 220
4.7.2 Predicted CPA/TCPA
4.2.5 Guard zones 221
violation 240
4.2.6 Guard rings and area
4.7.3 Lost target 240
rejectionboundaries(ARBs) 221
4.7.4 Performance tests and
4.3 The tracking of targets 222
warnings 241
4.3.1 The tracking specification 222
4.3.2 Rate aiding 222 4.8 Connections with other equipment 242
viii CONTENTS
5 ARPA and ATA – additional facilities 243 6.3 Setting-up procedure for a
radial-scan synthetic display 262
5.1 Introduction 243
6.3.1 Preliminary procedure 262
5.2 Additional alarms and warnings 243 6.3.2 Switching on 263
5.2.1 Time to manoeuvre 243 6.3.3 Preparing the display 263
5.2.2 Track change 243 6.3.4 Obtaining the optimum
5.2.3 Anchor watch 244 picture 263
5.2.4 Tracks full 244
6.4 Setting-up procedure for a
5.2.5 Wrong or invalid request 244
raster-scan synthetic display 266
5.2.6 Safe limit vector suppression 244
6.4.1 Preliminary procedure 266
5.2.7 Trial alarm 244
6.4.2 Switching on 267
5.3 Automatic ground-stabilization 244 6.4.3 Preparing the display 267
6.4.4 Obtaining the optimum
5.4 Navigational lines and maps 246
picture 270
5.5 Thepredictedpointofcollision(PPC) 247
6.5 Performance monitoring 270
5.5.1 The concept of collision
6.5.1 The principle of the echo box 270
points 247
6.5.2 Echo box siting 272
5.5.2 The behaviour of collision
6.5.3 Power monitors 274
points if the observing ship
6.5.4 Transponder performance
maintains speed 248
monitors 274
5.5.3 The behaviour of the
6.5.5 Calibration levels 275
collision point when the
6.5.6 Performance check procedure 275
target ship’s speed changes 251
5.5.4 The behaviour of the 6.6 Change of range scale and/or pulse
collision point when the length 276
target changes course 251
6.7 The stand-by condition 276
5.6 The predicted area of danger (PAD) 252
6.8 Setting up the display for a
5.6.1 The PAD in practice 253
true-motion picture presentation 277
5.6.2 Changes in the shape of the
6.8.1 The controls 277
PAD 254
6.8.2 Setting up a sea-stabilized
5.6.3 The movement of the PAD 254
presentation 282
5.6.4 The future of PADs 255
6.8.3 Setting up a
ground-stabilized presentation 282
6 The radar system – operational
controls 256 6.9 Controls for range and bearing
measurement 283
6.1 Optimum performance 256
6.9.1 Fixed range rings 284
6.2 Setting-up procedure for an 6.9.2 Variable range marker (VRM) 285
analogue display 257 6.9.3 The Perspex cursor 286
6.2.1 Preliminary procedure 257 6.9.4 Parallel index lines 288
6.2.2 Switching on 257 6.9.5 The electronic bearing line
6.2.3 Preparing the display 258 (EBL) 288
6.2.4 Obtaining the optimum 6.9.6 Free electronic range and
picture 260 bearing line 290
CONTENTS ix
6.9.7 Joystick/tracker ball and 7.4.2 Thedangerinattemptingto
screen marker 290 guess the action taken by a
6.9.8 Range accuracy 291 target 311
6.9.9 Bearing accuracy 291
7.5 The plot when own ship manoeuvres 312
6.10 Controls for the suppression of
7.5.1 The plot when own ship
unwanted responses 292
alters course only 312
6.10.1 Sea clutter suppression 292
7.5.2 The construction of the plot 312
6.10.2 Rain clutter suppression 295
7.5.3 The plot when own ship
6.10.3 Interference suppression 296
alters speed only 314
6.11 Miscellaneous controls 296
7.5.4 The construction of the plot 314
6.11.1 Echo stretch 296
7.5.5 The use of ‘stopping
6.11.2 Second-trace echo
distance’ tables, graphs and
elimination 296
formulae 314
6.12 Setting-up procedure for an
7.5.6 The plot when own ship
Automatic Radar Plotting display 296
combines course and speed
6.12.1 The input of radar data 296
alterations 320
6.12.2 Switching on the computer 297
7.5.7 The plot when own ship
6.12.3 Heading and speed input
resumes course and/or speed 320
data 297
7.5.8 The plot when both vessels
6.12.4 Setting the ARPA or
manoeuvre simultaneously 321
ATA brilliance 297
6.12.5 Setting the vector time 7.6 The theory and construction of
control 297 PPCs, PADs, SODs and SOPs 323
7.6.1 The predicted point of
6.12.6 Setting the vector mode 297
collision (PPC) 323
6.12.7 Safe limits 298
7.6.2 The construction to find
6.12.8 Preparation for tracking 298
the PPC 323
6.13 Switching off 298
7.6.3 The predicted area of
danger (PAD) 323
7 Radar plotting including collision
7.6.4 The construction of the PAD 327
avoidance 299
7.6.5 The sector of danger (SOD) 327
7.1 Introduction 299
7.6.6 The construction of a sector
7.2 The relative plot 299
of danger 327
7.2.1 The vector triangle 302
7.6.7 The sector of preference
7.2.2 The plotting triangle 302
(SOP) 330
7.2.3 Theconstructionoftheplot 302
7.6.8 The construction of a sector
7.2.4 The practicalities of plotting 305
of preference 330
7.2.5 The need to extract
numerical data 306 7.7 The plot in tide 330
7.2.6 The plot in special cases 7.7.1 The construction of the plot 330
where no triangle ‘appears’ 307 7.7.2 The course to steer to
7.3 The true plot 307 counteract the tide 333
7.4 The plot when only the target 7.7.3 The change of course
manoeuvres 308 needed to maintain track
7.4.1 Theconstructionoftheplot 311 when changing speed in tide 333