Racial Justice, Policies and Courts' Legal Reasoning in Europe PDF
Preview Racial Justice, Policies and Courts' Legal Reasoning in Europe
Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 60 María Elósegui Cristina Hermida E ditors Racial Justice, Policies and Courts' Legal Reasoning in Europe Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice Volume 60 Series editors Mortimer Sellers, University of Baltimore James Maxeiner, University of Baltimore Board of Editors Myroslava Antonovych, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Nadia de Araújo, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Jasna Bakšic-Muftic, University of Sarajevo David L. Carey Miller, University of Aberdeen Loussia P. Musse Félix, University of Brasilia Emanuel Gross, University of Haifa James E. Hickey Jr., Hofstra University Jan Klabbers, University of Helsinki Cláudia Lima Marques, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Aniceto Masferrer, University of Valencia Eric Millard, West Paris University Gabriël A. Moens, Curtin University Raul C. Pangalangan, University of the Philippines Ricardo Leite Pinto, Lusíada University of Lisbon Mizanur Rahman, University of Dhaka Keita Sato, Chuo University Poonam Saxena, University of Delhi Gerry Simpson, London School of Economics Eduard Somers, University of Ghent Xinqiang Sun, Shandong University Tadeusz Tomaszewski, Warsaw University Jaap de Zwaan, Erasmus University Rotterdam More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7888 í ó Mar a El segui Cristina Hermida (cid:129) Editors Racial Justice, Policies ’ and Courts Legal Reasoning in Europe 123 Editors MaríaElósegui Cristina Hermida Department ofPhilosophy of Law Philosophy of Law University of Zaragoza University Rey JuanCarlos Zaragoza Madrid Spain Spain ISSN 1534-6781 ISSN 2214-9902 (electronic) Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives onLawandJustice ISBN978-3-319-53579-1 ISBN978-3-319-53580-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53580-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017933939 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents Part I Theoretical and Legal Framework 1 Human Dignity and Minority Protection. Some Reflections on a Theory of Minority Rights.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3 Rainer Arnold 2 The Rational Loving Citizen: Towards a True Interculturality........ 15 Aránzazu Novales Alquézar 3 Denial or Justification of Genocide as a Criminal Offence in European Law... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 49 María Elósegui Part II Specific Thematic Cases Studies 4 Argumentation of the Court of Strasbourg’s Jurisprudence Regarding the Discrimination Against Roma . .... .... ..... .... 93 Cristina Hermida 5 Gypsies, the Administration of Justice, Automation and the Resolution of Problems .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 115 Fernando Galindo 6 Violent Urban Gangs. Main Perpetrators in Hate Crimes.... .... 131 D.D. Gil and A.F. Lopez Part III Specific Case Studies of Various Countries 7 The State of Racial Justice in Germany . .... .... .... ..... .... 157 Wolfram Bechtel 8 Latest Developments in Combating Racism in the UK.. ..... .... 167 Michael Whine v vi Contents 9 Could the Estonian Ban on Hate Speech Interpreted in a More Efficient Way? ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 177 Sten Andreas Ehrlich 10 An Experience of Reasonable Accommodation. The Portuguese Constitutional Court Ruling N. 544/2014, Dated 15th July ... .... 191 Paulo Marrecas Ferreira 11 Racism from the Perspective of the Brazilian Courts of Justice: A Critical Analysis . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 205 José Renato Gaziero Cella and Lahis Pasquali Kurtz Editors and Contributors About the Editors María Elósegui Full Professor of Philosophy of Law and Chair in the Faculty of Law at the University of Zaragoza (Spain). Ph.D. in Law and Ph.D. in Philosophy. Research Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation with Professor Robert Alexy in the University Christian Albrechts,inKiel(Germany).ExpertindependentoftheEuropeanCommissionagainstRacismand IntoleranceoftheCouncilofEurope(ECRI)for2013–2017.HehasbeenvisitingProfessorinGlasgow University (Posdoctoral fellow), la Faculté de Droit de Saint Louis, Brussels (Belgium), UCLA, Chicago,TorontoandLaval(Canadá).ShereceivedtheawardLuisPorteroforhisbookonHuman RightsandCulturalPluralismin2008.MemberoftheRoyalAcademyofJurisprudenceandLegislation of Spain. Director of the Ph.D. Programme on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms at the UniversityofZaragoza(Spain).Authorof15booksand86articles,onlegalArgumentation,equalityof Races, the Right of Cultural Identity and Gender. For instance, El concepto jurisprudencial de aco- modamientorazonable.ElTribunalSupremodeCanadáyelTribunalEuropeodeDerechosHumanos antelaGestióndelaDiversidadCulturalyReligiosaenelEspacioPúblico,CizurMenor(Pamplona), Aranzadi,2013.Cvinsitehttp://intercultural.unizar.es. Cristina Hermida Professor of Philosophy of Law in the Rey Juan Carlos University (Spain). DoctorofLaw.ResearchFellowoftheAlexandervonHumboldtFoundation.Prof.JeanMonnet. Corresponding Academic of the Royal Academic of Jurisprudence and Legislation of Madrid. MemberoftheSpanishAssociationforSpanishPhilosophysince1995.AwardedtheDecoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria in 2011 by President Fischer of the RepublicofAustria(GoldeneEhrenzeichenfürVerdiensteumdieRepublikÖsterreich).Awarded a Diploma in 2012 in gratitude for the substantial personal contribution to the educational and scientificspheredevelopment,supportforinitiatives,activefacilitationofKyivUniversityofLaw oftheNationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine,positiveimageintheinternationaleducational environmentandontheoccasionofthe17thanniversaryoftheUniversityestablishment.In2013, awardedafellowshipbytheNationalScienceCouncilofTaiwantoteachandperformresearchin theNationalUniversityofTaipei(CollegeofLaw-TheCenterforCriminalLawStudies).Author ofbooksandarticlesonSpanishthought,PhilosophyofLawandEuropeanUnionLaw. vii viii EditorsandContributors Contributors Aránzazu Novales Alquézar University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Rainer Arnold University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Wolfram Bechtel Kehl, Germany José Renato Gaziero Cella PUCPR and at Faculdade Meridional—IMED, Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Sten Andreas Ehrlich University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia María Elósegui Faculty of Law, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Paulo Marrecas Ferreira Law Faculty, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Fernando Galindo The University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain D.D. Gil University of Rey Juan Carlos of Madrid, Móstoles, Spain Lahis Pasquali Kurtz Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil Cristina Hermida Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain A.F. Lopez CEIDIV, Madrid, Spain Michael Whine Community Security Trust, London, UK Introduction Racialjusticeisaproactivereinforcementofpolicies,practices,attitudesandactionsthat lead to equal access to opportunities, equitable treatment, and positive impacts and outcomes for all persons. The book will focus on the reasoning of judicial power, legislators, police and judges when dealing with racial discrimination in Europe today. The legislative framework in all the contributions is that of the European Union and oftheCouncilofEurope,aswellasRecommendationsno.7andnº15oftheECRI.1The book,asaunit,supportsathesisthatactsasacommonthemeinthedifferentchapters. Thisworkprovidesadifferentperspectivetotheonecommonlyfoundintheacademic world because it upholds a hypothesis which is proven, using the practice of some EuropeanCourts,boundbythestandardsoftheEUandoftheCouncilofEuropeagainst racial discrimination. The contributions offer a critical insight into the reality in terms oftheapplicationofthesestandardsbytheState,andsuggestsomeLegeferendagoalsor improvementsintheapplicationofthelawsbythepolice,thelegislatorandthejudges. We have chosen a sample of five countries, four of which belong at the same time to the European Union and to the Council of Europe. In each of the five countries, the responsibility of the public powers, more specifically of the legisla- tiveandjudicialpowers,bothofthepoliceandofthejudiciary,inpersecutingracist behaviourisreflected,aswellastheincreaseinracismincertaingroupsofcitizens. These groups, such as the Skinheads, have a strong presence in young people all 1Stavros,Stephanos.Ex-ExecutiveSecretaryofECRI(2014)CombatingReligiousHateSpeech: Lessons Learned from Five Years of Country-Monitoring by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). Religion and Human Rights 9, Koninklije Brill, Nv, Leiden, pp.139–150.Here,p.142:“GPR,Nº7,thestatutebookofeachCouncil-of-Europememberstate shouldideallycontainthefollowingoffences:intentionalpublicincitementtoviolence,hatredor discriminationagainstpersonoragroupingofpersonsontheground,interalia,oftheirreligion (paragraph 18, under a); intentional public insults and defamation against such a person or grouping (paragraph 18, under b); international threats against the same target (paragraph 18, underc);thepublicexpression,witharacistaim,ofanideologywhichclaimsthesuperiorityof,or whichdepreciatesordenigrates,agroupingofpersonsontheground,interalia,oftheirreligion (paragraph 18, under d); and the public denial, trivialization, justification or condoning, with a racistaim,ofcrimesofgenocide,crimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimes(paragraph18,undere).” ix
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