Racial Identity, Family, and Psychological Adjustment in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults PDF
Preview Racial Identity, Family, and Psychological Adjustment in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2012 Racial Identity, Family, and Psychological Adjustment in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults Vanessa Chong Follow this and additional works at:http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Chong, Vanessa, "Racial Identity, Family, and Psychological Adjustment in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults" (2012).Electronic Theses and Dissertations.Paper 4797. This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2012 Racial Identity, Family, and Psychological Adjustment in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults Vanessa Chong [email protected] Follow this and additional works at:http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Chong, Vanessa, "Racial Identity, Family, and Psychological Adjustment in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults" (2012).Electronic Theses and Dissertations.Paper 4797. This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. Racial Identity, Family, and Psychological Adjustment in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults. by Vanessa Chong A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Psychology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2012 © 2012 Vanessa Chong Racial Identity, Family, and Psychological Adjustment in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults by Vanessa Chong APPROVED BY: ______________________________________________ R. Lalonde Department of Psychology, York University ______________________________________________ W. Park Department of Social Work, University of Windsor ______________________________________________ C.Thomas Department of Psychology, University of Windsor ______________________________________________ S.Towson Department of Psychology, University of Windsor ______________________________________________ B. Kuo, Advisor Department of Psychology, University of Windsor ______________________________________________ J. Bayley, Chair of Defense Department of Education, University of Windsor iii DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this dissertation and that no part of this dissertation has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my dissertation, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my dissertation and have included copies of such copyright clearances in my appendix. I declare that this is a true copy of my dissertation, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this dissertation has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. iv ABSTRACT The purpose of the current study was to examine the interrelationships among biracial identity, family, and psychological adjustment variables in biracial young adults. A mixed methods design was used to investigate a large sample (N=356) of Asian-White biracial young adults (aged 18-30) from Canada and the United States. This study was based on the Multiracial Heritage and Personal Affiliation (M-HAPA) Model of biracial identity, which incorporates the integrated, singular, and marginal identity orientations and posits identity fluidity and dominance (Choi-Misailidis, 2004). Additional variables included family relationship quality, two aspects of racial-ethnic socialization (cultural socialization and preparation for bias), and four aspects of psychological adjustment (self-esteem, positive affect, psychological distress, and internalized oppression). Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to test the psychometric properties of measures developed or adapted for the current study. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to identify the biracial identity orientations and family variables that predicted psychological adjustment, as well as test whether family relationship quality moderated racial-ethnic socialization and psychological adjustment. Results demonstrated that: 1) internalized oppression was predicted by marginal identity, singular-majority identity, and minority cultural socialization; 2) psychological distress was predicted by marginal identity and poor family relationship quality; and 3) positive affect was predicted by integrated identity, better family relationship quality, and minority cultural socialization. Family relationship quality was not found to be a significant moderator. Cluster analysis was also used to group participants according to patterns of scores on biracial identity orientation subscales. Three groups were identified: the Integrated Asian-White Dominant group, the Asian Dominant group, and the White v Dominant group. The Integrated Asian-White Dominant group demonstrated better family relationships and less psychological distress than the Asian Dominant and White Dominant groups. The Integrated Asian-White Dominant was also higher on White cultural socialization than the Asian Dominant group. The White Dominant group was higher on internalized oppression than the other groups. Evidence for identity fluidity and dominance was found. Participants were also asked qualitative questions related to biracial identity development, the positive aspects of being biracial, racial-ethnic socialization, and internalized oppression. Thematic analysis was used to identify overall themes. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….....1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Racial Identity ...................................................................................... 5 Biracial Identity Models .................................................................... 12 Family and Racial Identity Development .......................................... 24 Psychological Adjustment ................................................................. 34 Internalized Oppression ..................................................................... 42 The Present Study .............................................................................. 49 III. METHOD Participants ........................................................................................ 65 Measures ............................................................................................ 70 Procedure ........................................................................................... 89 IV. QUANTITATIVE RESULTS Preliminary Analyses ......................................................................... 91 Planned Analyses ............................................................................. 108 V. QUALITATIVE RESULTS Thematic Analysis ........................................................................... 131 Qualitative Themes .......................................................................... 135 VI. DISCUSSION The Psychological Implications of Racial Identity .......................... 156 Biracial Identity Theory ................................................................... 162 Internalized Oppression in Asian-White Biracial Young Adults .... 166 Family Influences ............................................................................ 173 Limitations of the Present Study ...................................................... 186 viii Clinical Implications .........................................................................190 Recommendations for Future Research ............................................193 Conclusion ........................................................................................200 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................201 APPENDICES Appendix A: Screener and Demographic Questions ................................................217 Appendix B: Item Modification ................................................................................224 Appendix C: Content Analysis Tables .....................................................................232 VITA AUCTORIS .........................................................................................................259 ix LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 Demographic Characteristics......................................................................... 68 TABLE 2 Summary of Scales and Scale Modifications ................................................ 71 TABLE 3 Factor Loadings for the Multiracial Heritage Affiliation and Personal Awareness Scale ............................................................................................ 93 TABLE 4 Factor Loadings for the Biracial Preparation for Bias Scale ......................... 96 TABLE 5 Factor Loadings for the Internalized Oppression Scale for Biracial Individuals ...................................................................................................... 98 TABLE 6 Means and standard deviations for key study variables .............................. 100 TABLE 7 Means and Standard Deviations of Demographic and Key Variables by Gender .......................................................................................................... 102 TABLE 8 Means and Standard Deviations of Demographic and Key Variables by Country. ........................................................................................................ 103 TABLE 9 Means and Standard Deviations of Demographic and Key Variables by Parent Race ................................................................................................... 104 TABLE 10 Summary Correlation Table for Biracial Identity, Family Variables, Psychological Adjustment, and Social Desirability ..................................... 107 TABLE 11 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analyses Predicting Negative Psychological Adjustment from Biracial Identity ........................................ 110 TABLE 12 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analyses Predicting Positive Psychological Adjustment from Biracial Identity ........................................ 112 TABLE 13 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analyses Predicting Negative Psychological Adjustment from Family Variables ...................................... 114 TABLE 14 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analyses Predicting Positive Adjustment from Family Variables ............................................................... 116 TABLE 15 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analyses Predicting Biracial Identity Orientation from Interactions Between Family Relationship Quality and Minority Cultural Socialization ................................................ 118
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