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RACE, GENDER, AND CLASS Theory and Methods of Analys is BAR T LA N DRY StudentAid.ed.gov FUNDING YOUR FUTURE. PEARSON Prentice Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Hall www.prenhall.com Race, Gender and Class Race, Gender R | and Class ’ Theory and Methods of Analysis BART LANDRY University of Maryland PEARSON Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Landry, Bart. Race, gender and class : theory and methods of analysis I Bart Landry. p. cm. ISBN 0-13-048761-9 1. United States—Social conditions—1980- 2. United States—Race relations—Study and teaching (Higher) 3. Social classes—Study and teaching (Higher)—United States. 4. Sex role—Study and teaching (Higher)—United States. 5. Homosexuality—Study and teaching (Higher)—United States. 6. Dis<^î'iimination—Study and teaching (Higher)—United States. I. Title. HN59.2.L365 2006 306.072'073—dc22 2006013515 Publisher: Nancy Roberts Editorial Assistant: Lee Peterson Executive Marketing Manager: Marissa Feliberty Marketing Assistant: Anthony DeCosta Production Liaison: Marianne Peters-Riordan Manufacturing Buyer: Brian Mackey Art Director: Jayne Conte Cover Design: Bruce Kenselaar Cover Illustration/Photo: Lisa Henderling/Stock Illustration Source, Inc. Manager, Cover Visual Research & Perimissions: Karen Sanatar Composition/Full-Service Project Management: Sarvesh Mehrotra/Techbooks Printer/Binder: Courier Companies, Inc. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 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Ltd Pearson Education-Japan Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersêy Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited PEARSON Prentice Hall 10 98765432 1 ISBN: 0-13-048761-9 For Ayo CONTENTS i 9, Foreword xi Preface xv PART I: The Theory of Intersectional Analysis I Introduction I Interlocking Systems of Oppression and Privilege 2 Race 2 The Social Construction of Race 3 The Social Construction of Gender 4 Class 5 The Language of Intersection Theory 6 Social Locations 9 The Assumptions of Intersection Theory 10 Simultaneity 11 Multiplicative versus Additive Relationships 12 Summary 14 References 14 1. Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology Deborah K. King 16 2. Theorizing Race, Class, and Gender: The New Scholarship of Black Feminist Intellectuals and Black Women s Labor Rose M. Brewer 38 3. Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection Patricia Hill Collins 45 vii Vlll Contents 4. Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism Maxine Baca Zinn and Bonnie Thornton Dill 56 5. Doing Difference Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker 63 6. Symposium on West and Fenstermaker’s “Doing Difference” Patricia Hill Collins, Lionel A. Maldonado, Dana Y. Takagi, Barrie Thorne, Lynn Weber, and Howard Winant 86 7. Reply (Re)Doing Difference Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker 99 PART II: The METHODOLOGy of Intersectional ANALysis: Qualitative Approaches 105 Introduction 105 Simultaneity 106 Multiplicative Relationships 109 Intersectional Analysis in Qualitative Research 111 Rules for Qualitative Intersectional Research 111 Type I and Type II Articles 113 A Digression on Race, Gender, and Class 113 Critiquing Qualitative Articles 116 The Saturated Model 118 7. An Exploratory Analysis of the Effects of Race, Class, and Gender on Student and Parent Mobility Aspirations Daniel G. Solorzano 120 8. Policing Boundaries: Race, Class, and Gender in Cartagena, Colombia Joel Streicker 131 Intersectional Analysis with Four Social Locctions 153 9. Gender, Race, Class, and the Trend Toward Early Motherhood: A Feminist Analysis of Teen Mothers in Contemporary Society Janet L. Jacobs 155 10. Masculinities and Athletic Careers Michael A. Messner 167 Intersectional Analysis with Two Social Oocations 178 11. Working-Class Women’s Ways of Knowing: Effects of Gender, Race, and Class Wendy Luttrell 199 Intersectional Analysis in Historical Studies 194 12. You Have to Have Some Fun to Go Along with Your Work: The Interplay of Race, Class, Gender, and Leisure in the Industrial New South M. Deborah Bialeschki and Kathryn Lynn Walbert 195 Contents ix PART III: The Methodology of Intersectional Analysis: Quantitative Approaches 215 Introduction 215 The Basic Approach 216 Simple Social Locations 218 Complex Social Locations - 219 Type I Cases 219 Type II Cases 219 The Saturated Model 220 Some Issues and Statistical Problems 221 How Many Comparisons? 221 Selection of Comparisons 222 Sample Size 222 Multicollinearity 223 Critiquing Quantitative Articles 223 Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Separate Group Analysis 224 13. Producing and Reproducing Class and Status DiFFerences: Racial and Gender Gaps in U.S. Employment and Retirement Income Richard Hogan and Carolyn C. Perrucci 226 14. Gender and Race DiFFerences in the Predictors oF Daily Health Practices among Older Adults Mary P. Gallant and Gail P. Dorn 248 Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Interaction Analysis 260 15. Relations among Socioeconomic Status Indicators and Health For AFrican-Americans and Whites Joan M. Ostrove, Pamela Feldman, and Nancy E. Adler 260 Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Interactions Combined with Separate Group Analysis 274 16. Predictors oF Fear oF Criminal Victimization at School among Adolescents David C. May and Gregory Dunaway 266 17. The Intersection oF Race and Gender among Chemists: Assessing the Impact oF Double Minority Status on Income Marina A.. Ad^lêr, Gijsberta J. Koelewijn-Strattner, and Joseph J. Lengermann 288 18. Race- Gender, and Attitudes toward Gender Stratification Emily W. Kane 002 Quantitative Studies with Eight or More Locations: Separate Group Analysis 313 19. Parenting in Black and White Families: The Interaction oF Gender with Race and Class Shirley A. Hill and Joey Sprague 314 20. When Expectations Work: Race and Socioeconomic DiFFerences in School Performance Karl L. Alexander, Doris R. Entwisle, and Samuel D. Bedinger 333 r X Contents Quantitative Studies with Six or More Locations: Interaction Analysis 354 21. The Relationship of Race, Class, and Gender with Mathematics Achievement for Fifth-, Eighth-, and Eleventh-Grade Students in Pennsylvania Schools Richard L. Kohr, James R. Masters, J. Robert Coldiron, Ross S. Blust, and Eugene W Skilfin.gton 355 ■ 22. Women’s STD Prevention and Detection Practices: The Specificity of Social Location Erika Laine Austin 372 Quantitative Studies Using Separate Group Analysis with /-Tests 391 23. Are There Race and Gender Differences in the Effect of Marital Dissolution on Depression? Kei M. NomngucM 394 24. Generalized Expectancies for Control among High-School Students at the Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender Brett A. Magill 410 25. Race, Gender, and Class Variation in the Effect of Neighborhood Violence on Adolescent Use of Violence Jennifer Castro and Bart Landry 423 Notes on Teaching RGC Methodology to Undergraduates 442 “Doing” RGC Research 442 Study Design and Simultaneity 442 Data Collection 443 Analysis 443 Homogeneous Subsets 449 Conclusion 452