Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in the Americas

307 Pages·2012·3.611 MB·English

by  Anita Kalunta-Crumpton

Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice
in the Americas
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd ii 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1111 AAMM
Also by Anita Kalunta-C rumpton
RACE AND DRUG TRIALS: The Social Construction of Guilt and Innocence
PAN- AFRICAN ISSUES IN CRIME AND JUSTICE (co- edited with B. Agozino)
DRUGS, VICTIMS AND RACE: The Politics of Drug Control
RACE, CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: International Perspectives
(editor)
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd iiii 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1122 AAMM
Race, Ethnicity, Crime and
Criminal Justice in the
Americas
Edited by
Anita Kalunta- Crumpton
Texas Southern University, USA
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd iiiiii 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1122 AAMM
Selection and editorial matter © Anita Kalunta- Crumpton 2012
Individual chapters © their respective authors 2012
Foreword © Daniel E. Georges- Abeyie
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2012 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN: 978–0–230–25198–4
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Race, ethnicity, crime and criminal justice in the Americas / edited by
Anita Kalunta-Crumpton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–230–25198–4 (hardback)
1. Crime and race – America. 2. Discrimination in criminal justice – America.
3. Criminal justice, Administration of – America. I. Kalunta-Crumpton,
Anita, 1962–
HV9960.A45R33 2012
364.089(cid:2)0097—dc23 2011043423
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd iivv 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1133 AAMM
Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures ix
Acknowledgements x
Foreword xi
Notes on Contributors xviii
Introduction 1
Anita Kalunta- Crumpton
Part I North America
1. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in Canada 11
Scot Wortley and Akwasi Owusu- Bempah
2. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States 41
Anita Kalunta- Crumpton and Kingsley Ejiogu
Part II Latin America
3. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in Cuba 67
James E. Palombo
4. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in Argentina 88
Daniel Míguez
5. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in Brazil 112
Mark Harris
6. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in Colombia 133
Fernando Urrea-Giraldo
7. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in Mexico 169
Gabriel Ferreyra- Orozco
Part III The Caribbean
8. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in Jamaica 195
Louise Henry, Marika Dawkins, and Camille Gibson
v
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd vv 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1133 AAMM
vi Contents
9. Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in
Trinidad and Tobago 218
Devon Johnson and Tammy Rinehart Kochel
Part IV Conclusion
10. Conclusion: Comparative Assessment of Race, Ethnicity,
Crime and Criminal Justice in the Americas 249
Anita Kalunta- Crumpton
Index 271
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd vvii 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1133 AAMM
Tables
1.1 R epresentation of ethnic-r acial groups in Canada’s
federal corrections system 18
1.2 P ercentage of Toronto high school students who report
that they have engaged in selected deviant activities
at some point in their life, by racial group 21
6.1 P ercentage of male population younger than 30 years
of age for Afrodescendant and non-Afrodescendant people,
and for some boroughs in Cali with their respective rates
of Afrodescendant population 144
6.2 P ercentage of the population with at least one UBN;
total for Cali and the five urban conglomerates for the
Afrodescendant and non-A frodescendant populations 146
6.3 R ates of households with deaths per 10,000 households
according to conglomerates and the total for Cali 152
6.4 V iolent deaths, Cali 2005 (aggressions/homicides)
per sex and large age groups 155
6.5 R ates of causes of death in deaths registered by
the SIVIGILA according to ethnic- racial group 156
6.6 H omicide rates 2007–2009, boroughs 15 and 21;
neighborhoods Potrero Grande and El Retiro, Cali 157
6.7 R ates of imprisonment and recruitment for Afrodescendant
and non- Afrodescendant populations, and total for Cali 158
8.1 Number and types of crimes reported for 2006–2008 211
8.2 A ge and gender of persons arrested for selected
major crimes in 2008 211
9.1 Ethnicity of homicide victims, 2007–2010 224
9.2 Ethnicity of narcotics trafficking offenders, 2008–2009 225
9.3 S elf-r eported delinquency among Trinidadian youth,
by ethnicity 226
9.4 Ethnicity of violent crime victims, 2008–2009 228
9.5 Ethnicity of non-violent crime victims, 2008–2009 229
9.6 Percentage of victims that reported to the police, by ethnicity 230
9.7 R easons victims gave for not reporting crime to the police,
by ethnicity 231
9.8 Self- reported victimization, by ethnicity 232
9.9 V ictimization rates by neighborhood poverty level
and ethnicity 232
vii
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd vviiii 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1133 AAMM
viii List of Tables
9.10 Perceived safety in the neighborhood relative to
six months prior, by ethnicity 234
9.11 Feelings of safety in the neighborhood, by ethnicity 234
9.12 P erceptions of police competence and effectiveness,
by ethnicity 236
9.13 Perceptions about police fairness, by ethnicity 237
9.14 Perceived racial discrimination by police, by ethnicity 238
9.15 Assessments of contacts with police, by ethnicity 239
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd vviiiiii 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1133 AAMM
Figures
6.1 H omicide rates per 100,000 inhabitants for Cali, Bogotá
and Colombia (without Bogotá), 1983–2009 140
6.2 P ercentage of school attendance for
the 11- to 16-y ear-o ld population by ethnic-r acial
group and sex, for Cali and six conglomerates 148
6.3 P ercentage of school attendance for
the 17– 26 year-o ld population by ethnic-racial
group and sex, for Cali and six conglomerates 148
6.4 Cali: monthly incomes by educational level
and race (both sexes), 2007 149
6.5 T hirteen major Colombian cities: monthly incomes
by educational level and race (both sexes), 2007 149
6.6 Life expectancy per sex and ethnic-r acial group,
total for Cali, 2005 150
6.7 L ife expectancy in boroughs 7, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 21,
according to ethnic- racial group, Cali 2005 151
6.8 L ife expectancy in boroughs 2, 17, 19 and 22,
according to ethnic- racial group, Cali 2005 151
6.9 Male mortality rates per thousand inhabitants,
2005 Census 154
6.10 F emale mortality rates per thousand inhabitants,
2005 Census 154
8.1 Homicides in Jamaica from, 1980–2009 207
ix
99778800223300__225511998844__0011__pprreexxxxiiii..iinndddd iixx 1122//1166//22001111 1100::4444::1133 AAMM