Race and Ethnicity in the United States

257 Pages·2015·30.056 MB·English

by  Richard T. Schaefer

Race and
Ethnicity in
the United States
This page intentionally left blank
Race and
Ethnicity in
the United States
Eighth Edition
Richard T. Schaefer
DePaul University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schaefer, Richard T.
Race and ethnicity in the United States / Richard T. Schaefer, DePaul
University. — Eighth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-205-89638-7 — ISBN 0-205-89638-3 1. Minorities—United States.
2. Prejudices—United States. 3. United States—Ethnic relations.
4. United States—Race relations. I. Title.
E184.A1S25 2015
305.800973—dc23
2014017951
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Student Edition:
ISBN-10: 0-205-89638-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-89638-7
Books á la Carte Edition:
ISBN-10: 0-13-402761-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-402761-6
To my grandson, may he grow to flourish in
our multicultural society
Contents
Preface ix Summary 40 • Key Terms 41 • Review 
About the Author xiii Questions 41 • Critical Thinking 41
1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity 1 2 Prejudice 42
Ranking Groups 5 Prejudice and Discrimination 45
Types of Groups 7 ■ ReSeaRch FOcuS: Virtual Prejudice and
Racial Groups 8 Anti-Prejudice 45
Ethnic Groups 8 Merton’s Typology 46
Religious Groups 9 LaPiere’s Study 47
■ Speaking Out: Problem of the Color Line, White Privilege 48
W. E. B. du Bois 10 Theories of Prejudice 50
Gender Groups 11 Scapegoating Theory 50
Other Subordinate Groups 11 Authoritarian Personality Theory 50
Does Race Matter? 11 Exploitation Theory 51
Biological Meaning 11 Normative Approach 52
Social Construction of Race 14 Stereotypes 52
Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I? 15 What Are Stereotypes? 53
■ ReSeaRch FOcuS: Multiracial identity 16 ■ Speaking Out: Gangsters, Gooks, Geishas,
and Geeks, by helen Zia 54
Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity 19
Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling 55
Stratification by Class and Gender 19
Theoretical Perspectives 20 Color-Blind Racism 57
The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status 24 The Mood of the Oppressed 58
Migration 24 Intergroup Hostility 61
Annexation 25 Reducing Prejudice 63
Colonialism 26 Education 64
Spectrum of Intergroup Status 27 Mass Media 65
The Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status 28 Avoidance versus Friendship 67
Extermination 28 Corporate Response: Diversity Training 70
Expulsion 29 Conclusion 73
Secession 29 Summary 74 • Key Terms 75 • Review 
Questions 75 • Critical Thinking 75
Segregation 30
Fusion 33
Assimilation 34 3 Discrimination 76
The Pluralist Perspective 35
Resistance and Change 37 Understanding Discrimination 78
Conclusion 39 Relative vs. Absolute Deprivation 78
vi
Contents vii
Hate Crimes 79 Women and Immigration 136
What Are Hate Crimes? 79 The Global Economy and Immigration 137
■ Speaking Out: Arab Problem, The Environment and Immigration 139
by Moustafa Bayoumi 81
Refugees 139
Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Conclusion 142
Penalties? 83
Summary 143 • Key Terms 144 • Review 
Institutional Discrimination 83 Questions 144 • Critical Thinking 144
Discrimination Today 86
Discrimination Hits the Wallet 86
5 Ethnicity and Religion 145
Eliminating Discrimination 89
Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy 92 Studying Whiteness 148
■ ReSeaRch FOcuS: the Unequal Wealth
Rediscovering Ethnicity 150
distribution 93
Blended Identity 150
Environmental Justice 95 The Third-Generation Principle 151
Affirmative Action 96 Ethnic Paradox 152
Affirmative Action Explained 97 ■ Speaking Out: The Next Americans,
The Legal Debate 98 by tomás Jiménez 153
Reverse Discrimination 100 Symbolic Ethnicity 154
The Glass Ceiling 102 The German Americans 155
Conclusion 105 Settlement Patterns 155
Summary 106 • Key Terms 106 • Review  Twenty-First-Century German America 156
Questions 107 • Critical Thinking 107
The Irish Americans 158
Irish Immigration 158
4 Immigration 115 108 Becoming White 160
The Contemporary Picture 161
Patterns of Immigration to the United States 111 The Italian Americans 162
Early Immigration 113 Early Immigration 162
The Anti-Chinese Movement 114 Constructing Identity 163
■ Speaking Out: Chinese Exclusion Act The Contemporary Picture 165
of 1882, by Judy Chu 117
■ ReSeaRch FOcuS: immigrants: Yesterday
Restrictionist Sentiment Increases 118 and today 166
The National Origin System 118 The Polish Americans 167
The Immigration and Nationality Act 120 Early Immigration 168
Contemporary Social Concerns 121 Polonia 168
The Brain Drain 122 The Contemporary Picture 169
Population Growth 123 Religious Pluralism 171
Mixed-Status Families 124 Diversity among Roman Catholics 176
Language Barriers 124 Diversity among Protestants 177
The Economic Impact 127 Religion and the Courts 179
■ ReSeaRch FOcuS: the hispanic dairyland 128 School Prayer 180
Illegal Immigration 130 Secessionist Minorities 180
Creationism and Intelligent Design 182
Path to Citizenship: Naturalization 134
viii  Contents
Public Displays 182 ■ Speaking Out: Holocaust Museum of the
Conclusion 183 Indigenous People Should Be Built
Summary 185 • Key Terms 185 • Review  at Wounded Knee, by tim giago 200
Questions 185 • Critical Thinking 186
Talking Past One Another 203
Conclusion 205
Summary 207 • Key Terms 208 • Review 
6 The Nation as a Questions 208 • Critical Thinking 208
Kaleidoscope 187
Glossary 209
The Glass Half Empty 190
References 212
Is There a Model Minority? 192
Photo Credits 232
■ ReSeaRch FOcuS: tiger Mothers 194
Author Index 233
Acting White, Acting Black, or Neither 197
Persistence of Inequality 199 Subject Index 238
Preface
The first fifteen years of the twenty-first was duly noted, and the efforts to define affir-
century have witnessed significant mative action were described. Today, we seek to
changes. The Latino population has over- describe the growing presence of Salvadorans,
taken the African American population with Haitians, Tongans, Somalis, Hmong, and Arab
the Asian American population growing faster Americans.
than either. Meanwhile, the population of White Specific issues may change over time, but
non- Hispanic youth has actually become a they continue to play out against a backdrop of
numerical minority when compared collectively discrimination that is rooted in the social structure
to the other racial and ethnic groups. Yet along- and changing population composition as influ-
side these demographic changes has been a series enced by immigration and reproduction patterns.
of events that serve to underscore the diversity of One unanticipated change is that the breakup of
the American people. the Soviet Union and erosion of power of totali-
People cheered on May 1, 2011, upon hearing tarian leaders in the Middle East have made eth-
that Osama bin Laden had been found and killed. nic, language, and religious divisions even more
However, the always patriotic American Indian significant sources of antagonism between and
people were very troubled to learn that the mili- within nations. The old ideological debates about
tary had assigned the code name “Geronimo” to communism and capitalism have been replaced
the infamous terrorist. The Chiricahua Apache of by emotional divisions over religious dogma and
New Mexico were particularly disturbed to learn cultural traditions.
that the name of their freedom fighter was used in
this manner.
Changes in the Eighth Edition
Barack Obama may be the son of an immi-
grant and the first African American president, As with all previous editions, every line, every
but that is not the end of his ethnicity. On an offi- source, and every number in this edition have
cial state visit to Ireland, the president made a side been rechecked for their accuracy. We pride our-
trip to the village of Moneygall in County Offaly selves on providing the most current information
from where his great-great-grandfather Falmouth possible to document the patterns in intergroup
Kearney, a shoemaker’s son, came to the United relations in the United States.
States in 1850. Relevant scholarly findings in a variety of dis-
Race and ethnicity are an important part of ciplines, including economics, anthropology, law,
the national agenda. Thirty years ago, when the and communication sciences, have been incorpo-
first edition of this book was being written, it was rated. Previous users of this book will notice the
noted that race is not a static phenomenon and Spectrum of Intergroup Relations has been given
that, although it is always a part of the social real- new representation, and appears in five of the
ity, specific aspects change. At that time, the pres- book’s six chapters.
ence of a new immigrant group, the Vietnamese,
ix