Race and ethnic relations : American and global perspectives PDF
Preview Race and ethnic relations : American and global perspectives
Race and Ethnic Relations American and Global Perspectives EIGHTH EDITION ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± Martin N. Marger Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates RaceandEthnicRelations:American ©2009,2006WadsworthCengageLearning andGlobalPerspectives,EighthEdition MartinN.Marger ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythe copyrighthereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,stored,or usedinanyformorbyanymeansgraphic,electronic,or AcquisitionsEditor:ChrisCaldeira mechanical,includingbutnotlimitedtophotocopying,re- cording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Webdistribution,infor- AssistantEditor:MelanieCregger mationnetworks,orinformationstorageandretrievalsys- EditorialAssistant:ErinParkins tems,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe 1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwritten MarketingAssistant:IleanaShevlin permissionofthepublisher. 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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 12345671211100908 B C RIEF ONTENTS P REFACE XV part i The Nature of Ethnic Relations 1 chapter 1 Introduction: Some Basic Concepts 3 chapter 2 Ethnic Stratification: Majority and Minority 28 chapter 3 Tools of Dominance: Prejudice and Discrimination 50 chapter 4 Patterns of Ethnic Relations: Assimilation and Pluralism 80 part ii Ethnicity in the United States 105 chapter 5 Immigration and the Foundations of the American Ethnic Hierarchy 107 iii iv brief contents chapter 6 Native Americans 138 chapter 7 African Americans 164 chapter 8 Hispanic Americans 211 chapter 9 Asian Americans 247 chapter 10 White Ethnic Americans 281 chapter 11 Jewish Americans 312 chapter 12 The Changing Context of American Race and Ethnic Relations: Current and Future Issues 337 part iii Ethnic Relations in Comparative Perspective 369 chapter 13 South Africa: Society in Transition 371 chapter 14 Brazil: Racial and Ethnic Democracy? 399 chapter 15 Canada: Ethnic Model of the Future? 431 chapter 16 Global Issues of Ethnic Conflict and Change 464 GLOSSARY 498 REFERENCES 505 INDEX 564 Contents P REFACE XV part i The Nature of Ethnic Relations I chapter 1 Introduction: Some Basic Concepts 3 The Global Nature of Ethnic Relations 4 Race and Ethnic Relations 6 Basic Questions 6 A Comparative Approach 7 Ethnic Groups 8 Characteristics of Ethnic Groups 8 Ethnicity as a Variable 12 Race 13 Race as a Biological Notion 14 The Social Construction of Race 16 Race and Ethnicity: A Synthesis 18 Racism 19 The Ideology of Racism 19 The Functions of Racism 20 The Development of Racism 21 Cultural Racism 25 v vi contents SUMMARY 26 SUGGESTED READINGS 27 chapter 2 Ethnic Stratification: Majority and Minority 28 Stratification Systems 28 Power and Stratification 29 Stratification and Ideology 29 Ethnic Stratification Systems 30 Minority Groups 30 Types of Minorities 31 Dominant Groups 33 Middleman Minorities 35 The Relativity of Dominant and Minority Status 36 Ethnic Strata: Clarity and Mobility 37 Ethnicity, Class, and Power 39 The Relationship of Ethnicity to Social Class and Power 39 Ethnicity, Class, and Power Reconsidered 41 The Origins of Ethnic Stratification 43 Forms of Contact 43 Outcomes of Contact 44 Minority Responses to Subordination 46 Pluralistic Minorities 46 Assimilationist Minorities 47 Secessionist Minorities 47 Militant Minorities 48 SUMMARY 48 SUGGESTED READINGS 49 chapter 3 Tools of Dominance: Prejudice and Discrimination 50 Prejudice 51 Stereotypes 52 Social Distance 58 Discrimination 59 The Range of Discriminatory Behavior 60 Types and Levels of Discrimination 61 Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination 64 Psychological Theories 64 Normative Theories 67 contents vii Power-Conflict Theories 73 Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination: An Assessment 77 SUMMARY 78 SUGGESTED READINGS 79 chapter 4 Patterns of Ethnic Relations: Assimilation and Pluralism 80 Theoretical Models of Ethnic Relations 81 Conflict and Order 81 Assimilation 82 Dimensions of Assimilation 83 Theories of Assimilation 86 Factors Affecting Assimilation 90 Assimilation as a Societal Goal 92 Pluralism 93 Systems of Ethnic Pluralism 93 Pluralism in the United States 98 The Variability of Ethnic Relations 98 A Typology of Multiethnic Societies 100 Colonial (Segregationist) Societies 100 Corporate Pluralistic (Multicultural) Societies 102 Assimilationist Societies 102 SUMMARY 103 SUGGESTED READINGS 104 part ii Ethnicity in the United States 105 chapter 5 Immigration and the Foundations of the American Ethnic Hierarchy 107 The Social, Political, and Economic Factors of Immigration 108 The Onset of Large-Scale Immigration 108 The Structural Forces of Modern Immigration 109 Individual Dynamics of Immigration 110 Settlement and Adaptation 112 Early Immigration to America and the Establishment of Anglo Dominance 113 Population Components 113 Creation of the Dominant Ethnic Culture 114 viii contents European Immigration: The First and Second Waves 117 The “Old Immigration”: The First Great Wave 117 The “New Immigration”: The Second Great Wave 120 The Newest Immigration: The Third Great Wave 124 Characteristics of the Newest Immigration 126 Contemporary Immigration as a Global Phenomenon 130 The American Ethnic Configuration 131 “Official” Racial and Ethnic Classifications 131 The American Ethnic Hierarchy Today 135 SUMMARY 136 SUGGESTED READINGS 136 chapter 6 Native Americans 138 Conquest and Adaptation 139 European Contact 139 Displacement and Depopulation 140 Government Policies and American Indians 142 American Indian Demographics 147 American Indians in the Class System 152 Socioeconomic Status 152 Recent Economic Projects 154 Prejudice and Discrimination 156 The White View of Native Americans 157 Violence against American Indians 159 Assimilation and American Indians 159 Cultural Assimilation 159 Structural Assimilation 161 SUMMARY 162 SUGGESTED READINGS 163 chapter 7 African Americans 164 Development of the Black Minority 165 Slavery: Paternalistic Domination 165 Racial Caste: The Jim Crow Era 170 Fluid Competition: The Modern Era 173 Black Demographics 179 contents ix African Americans in the Class System 182 The Economic Status of African Americans 182 Class or Race? 188 African Americans and Societal Power 190 Prejudice and Discrimination 192 Residential Discrimination 192 Changes in Racial Attitudes 198 Contrasting Views of Problems and Solutions 202 African Americans: Assimilation or Pluralism? 204 Cultural Assimilation 204 Structural Assimilation 205 Assimilation: African Americans and Other Ethnic Groups 206 SUMMARY 208 SUGGESTED READINGS 209 chapter 8 Hispanic Americans 211 The “In-Between” Status of Hispanics 212 Manner of Entry 212 Hispanic Americans and Race 213 The Development of the Latino Minority 214 Mexican Americans 214 Puerto Ricans 218 Cuban Americans 219 Dominicans, Central Americans, South Americans 221 Hispanic American Demographics 222 Latinos in the Class System 225 Socioeconomic Status 225 Cubans: A Special Case 228 Latinos and Political Power 230 Latinos in the Corporate World 232 Prejudice and Discrimination 233 Hispanic Stereotypes 234 Discriminatory Actions 237 Hispanic American Assimilation 239 Cultural Assimilation 239 Structural Assimilation 242 Assimilation: Looking Ahead 244 SUMMARY 245 SUGGESTED READINGS 245
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