Table Of Content

R DATA ANALYSIS WITHOUT PROGRAMMING This book prepares readers to analyze data and interpret statistical results using R more quickly than other texts. R is a challenging program to learn because code must be created to get started.Toalleviatethatchallenge,ProfessorGerbingdevelopedlessR.Theextensionsprovided by lessR remove the need to program. By introducing R through lessR, readers learn how to organize data for analysis, read the data into R, and produce output without performing numerous functions and programming exercises first. With lessR, readers can select the necessary procedure and change the relevant variables without programming. The text reviews basicstatisticalprocedureswiththelessRenhancementsaddedtothestandardRenvironment, complete with input, output, and an extensive interpretation of the results. Through the use of lessR,Rbecomesimmediatelyaccessibletothenoviceuserandeasiertousefortheexperienced user. Highlights of the book include: • Quick starts that introduce readers to the concepts and commands reviewed in the chapters. • Margin notes that highlight, define, illustrate, and cross-reference the key concepts. When readers encounter a term previously discussed, the margin notes identify the page number to the initial introduction. • Scenariosthathighlighttheuseofaspecificanalysisfollowedbythecorresponding R/lessR input and an interpretation of the resulting output. • Numerousexamplesofoutput frompsychology,business,education,andothersocialsciences, that demonstrate how to interpret results. • Two data sets, provided on the book’s website and analyzed multiple times in the book, provide continuity throughout. • End of chapter worked problems help readers test their understanding of the concepts. • A website at www.lessRstats.com that features the lessR program, the book’s data sets referenced in standard text and SPSS formats so readers can practice using R/lessR by working through the text examples and worked problems, PDF slides for each chapter, solutions to the book’s worked problems, links to R/lessR videos to help readers better understand the program, and more. An ideal supplement for graduate or advanced undergraduate courses in statistics, research methods, or any course in which R is used, taught in departments of psychology, business, education,andothersocialandhealthsciences,thisbookwillalsobeappreciatedbyresearchers interested in using R for their data analysis. Prerequisites include basic statistical knowledge. Knowledge of R is not assumed. David W. Gerbing is a Professor in the School of Business Administration at Portland State University. He has published extensively in psychology, sociology, education, statistics, and business. This page intentionally left blank R DATA ANALYSIS WITHOUT PROGRAMMING David W. Gerbing First published 2014 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Taylor & Francis The right of David W. Gerbing to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gerbing, David W. R data analysis without programming / David Gerbing. pages cm 1. R (Computer program language) 2. Mathematical statistics–Data processing. I. Title. QA276.45.R3G46 2013 519.50285’5133–dc23 2013024185 ISBN: 978-0-415-64173-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-65720-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-85675-9 (ebk) Typeset in Stone Serif and Stone Sans By Cenveo Publisher Services To the wonderful woman who is my wife Rachel Maculan Sodré Eu te amo This page intentionally left blank BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xiii About the Author xvii CHAPTER 1 RforDataAnalysis 1 CHAPTER 2 Read/WriteData 31 CHAPTER 3 EditData 53 CHAPTER 4 CategoricalVariables 77 CHAPTER 5 ContinuousVariables 99 CHAPTER 6 Means,CompareTwoSamples 123 CHAPTER 7 CompareMultipleSamples 149 CHAPTER 8 Correlation 181 CHAPTER 9 RegressionI 203 CHAPTER10 RegressionII 223 CHAPTER11 Factor/ItemAnalysis 251 Appendix: Standard R Code 279 Notes 283 References 285 Index 287 This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xiii About the Author xvii (cid:2) CHAPTER 1 R for Data Analysis 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Access R 3 1.3 Use R 6 1.4 R Graphs 16 1.5 Reproducible Code 19 1.6 Data 20 Worked Problems 28 (cid:2) CHAPTER 2 Read/Write Data 31 2.1 Quick Start 31 2.2 Read Data 32 2.3 More Data Formats 40 2.4 Variable Labels 45 2.5 Write Data 48 Worked Problems 50 (cid:2) CHAPTER 3 Edit Data 53 3.1 Quick Start 53 3.2 Edit Data 54 3.3 Transform Data 55 3.4 Recode Data 62 3.5 Sort Data 66 3.6 Subset Data 68