Quinoa : sustainable production, variety improvement, and nutritive value in agroecological systems PDF
Preview Quinoa : sustainable production, variety improvement, and nutritive value in agroecological systems
Quinoa Improvement and Sustainable Production Quinoa Improvement and Sustainable Production Editedby Kevin Murphy and Janet Matanguihan Copyright©2015byWiley-Blackwell.Allrightsreserved publishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitor anyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimited PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,New tospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. 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(978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebat www.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherfor LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: permissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissions Department,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet, Quinoa:improvementandsustainableproduction/ Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008, editedbyKevinMurphyandGlaferaJanetMatanguihan. oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethe ISBN978-1-118-62805-8(cloth) publisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin 1.Quinoa.2.Cropimprovement.3.Sustainable preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsor agriculture.I.Murphy,Kevin(KevinMatthew),1972- warrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompleteness editor.II.Matanguihan,GlaferaJanet,editor. ofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimany SB177.Q55Q562015 impliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessfora 664′.7–dc23 particularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedor 2015006917 extendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensales materials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmay PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica notbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsult withaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthe 10987654321 Contents ListofContributors ix FinalRemarks 23 References 23 Preface xi 3 AgroecologicalandAgronomic 1 Quinoa:AnIncanCroptoFace CulturalPracticesofQuinoain GlobalChangesinAgriculture 1 SouthAmerica 25 JuanAntonioGonzález,SayedS.S. MagaliGarcia,BrunoCondori,and Eisa,SayedA.E.S.Hussin,and CarmenDelCastillo FernandoEduardoPrado Introduction 25 Introduction 1 AndeanDomestication 26 ABriefHistoryofQuinoaCultivation 2 BotanicalandTaxonomicalDescription 27 NutritionalValueofQuinoaSeed 2 GeneticBackgroundandResearchon BotanicalandGeneticCharacteristicsof QuinoaGenetics 28 theQuinoaPlant 5 EcologyandPhytogeography 30 QuinoaandEnvironmentalStresses: CultivationandAgronomicPractices DroughtandSalinity 7 inSouthAmerica 30 Conclusion 12 QuinoaProduction 31 References 12 Soilconditions 31 Climate 32 2 HistoryofQuinoa:ItsOrigin, Droughtresistance 32 Domestication,Diversification, Temperatureandphotoperiod 33 andCultivationwithParticular Hail 34 Cultivation 34 ReferencetotheChilean Sowing 34 Context 19 Fertilizationofquinoa 36 EnriqueA.Mart´ınez,FranciscoF. Culturalpractices 37 Fuentes,andDidierBazile Cropwaterrequirementsand QuinoaOriginsintheCentralAndes 19 irrigation 37 AncientExpansiontoSouthernLatitudes Bioticthreats:pestsanddiseases 38 inChile 20 Seedharvestandpostharvest ReintroductionofQuinoainAridChile technology 39 afterLocalExtinction 20 References 41 v vi Contents 4 TrendsinQuinoaYieldoverthe PotentialforEcologicalManagementof SouthernBolivianAltiplano: Quinoa 77 LessonsfromClimateand References 80 Land-UseProjections 47 6 QuinoaBreeding 87 SergeRambal,Jean-PierreRatte, FlorentMouillot,andThierryWinkel LuzGomez-Pando Summary 47 History–DomesticationProcess 87 Introduction 48 CollectionofGeneticResources 88 MaterialsandMethods 49 GoalsandMethodsofQuinoaBreeding 92 Thestudyarea 49 Requirementofthefarmers 92 Recentpastandpresentclimate 49 Requirementsoftheindustryand consumers 95 Sourceofclimatescenarios 50 Methodsingeneticimprovement 96 Simulatingtheyieldindexatlocal QuinoaBreedingMethods 98 orplotscale 50 Selection 98 Thesoilwaterbalancemodel 50 Participatoryplantbreeding(PPB) 98 Scenariosofland-use/land-cover Introductionofforeigngermplasm 99 changes 51 Hybridization 99 Scalinglocalyieldindexuptotheregion51 Interspecificandintergenericcrosses 102 Results 52 Backcrossmethod 102 Droughthistoryoverthearea 52 Usingheterosisinquinoa 102 Climateprojectionsandsoildrought Mutagenesis 103 limitation 52 Marker-assistedselection(MAS) 103 Timevariationofyieldatlocalor Conclusion 103 plotscale 54 References 103 Modelresultsatlandscapelevel 56 Discussion 57 7 QuinoaCytogenetics,Molecular Acknowledgments 60 References 60 Genetics,andDiversity 109 JanetB.Matanguihan,PeterJ. 5 ThePotentialofUsingNatural Maughan,EricN.Jellen,andBozena EnemiesandChemical Kolano CompoundsinQuinoafor Introduction 109 BiologicalControlofInsect CytogeneticsandGenomeStructureof Pests 63 ChenopodiumQuinoa 109 CrossabilityofQuinoaandAllied MarianaValoy,CarmenReguilón, TetraploidTaxa 111 andGriseldaPodazza DNASequenceEvidenceforQuinoa’s Introduction 63 GenomicOrigins 112 InsectsinQuinoa 64 QuinoaGeneticMarkersandLinkage Insectpestsofquinoa 65 Maps 113 Beneficialinsectsinquinoa 65 QuinoaDiversity 115 Chemicalresponsesofquinoa Phenotypicdiversity 115 toinsectherbivory 72 Geneticdiversity 117 Quinoasecondarymetabolites 74 Summary 118 PotentialofBiologicalControlinQuinoa 76 References 120 Contents vii 8 ExSituConservationofQuinoa: Utilizationofquinoagermplasm 148 TheBolivianExperience 125 Conclusions 155 References 158 WilfredoRojasandMiltonPinto Introduction 125 9 QuinoaBreedinginAfrica: CentersofOriginandDiversity History,Goals,andProgress 161 ofQuinoa 126 GeographicalDistributionofQuinoa 127 MosesF.A.MaliroandVeronicaGuwela GenebanksoftheAndeanRegion 128 Introduction 161 BolivianCollectionofQuinoa Originofquinoa 161 Germplasm 130 IntroducingquinoainAfrica 161 Historyandmanagementofthe Ecologicaladaptationofquinoa 163 quinoagermplasm 130 GoalsofQuinoaBreedinginAfrica 164 Currentstatusofquinoagermplasm 132 QuinoastudiesunderMalawi StepsforExSituManagementand conditions 164 ConservationofQuinoa 132 QuinoastudiesinKenya 166 Collectionofquinoagermplasm 133 ChallengesandConsiderationsfor Technicalprocedureforquinoa FutureResearch 169 germplasmcollection 133 Plantlodging 169 Historyandevolutionofquinoa Acceptability 169 germplasmcollections 134 Agronomicpractices 170 Distributionofquinoagermplasm Rain-fedversusirrigatedcropping collection 136 systems 170 Preliminarymultiplicationofquinoa Conclusion 170 germplasm 136 References 170 Storageandconservationofquinoa germplasm 138 10 QuinoaCultivationfor Short-andmedium-termstorage (1to20years) 138 TemperateNorthAmerica: Long-termstorage(80to100years) 138 ConsiderationsandAreas Characterizationandevaluation forInvestigation 173 ofthequinoagermplasm 140 AdamJ.PetersonandKevinM.Murphy Stagesofgermplasmcharacterization Introduction 173 andevaluation 140 TolerancetoAbioticStresses 173 Agromorphologicalvariables 141 Agro-foodandnutritionalvalue Heattolerance 173 variables 143 Droughttolerance 174 Molecularcharacterization 144 Coldtolerance 175 Multiplicationandregeneration Salinitytolerance 176 ofquinoagermplasm 144 ProductionAspects 177 Monitoringofseedquantityand Varietyselection 177 percentageofseed Fertilization 178 germination 145 Planting/spacing 179 Technicalprocedureformultiplication Maturityandharvesting 181 and/orregeneration 145 ChallengestoQuinoaProduction 182 Regenerationschedule 146 Waterloggingandpreharvestsprouting 182 Documentationandinformation Disease 183 onquinoagermplasm 147 Insectpests 184 viii Contents Weedcontrol 185 12 Quinoa’sCalling 211 Saponins 186 SergioNún˜ezdeArco AlternativeUsesofQuinoa 186 Introduction 211 Forage 186 ASnapshotoftheEconomicsofa Feed 187 SmallholderFarmerinBoliviaand Conclusion 187 theInternationalMarket 212 Acknowledgments 188 TheQuinoaMarket:Supplyand References 188 Demand 213 Bolivia,Peru,andEcuador 11 NutritionalPropertiesofQuinoa 193 increasequinoaacreage 213 GeyangWu Evolutionofquinoa, Introduction 193 (Figs.12.7–12.10 Protein 193 andFig.12.3)acreagein Carbohydrates 196 Bolivia 213 Starch 196 TheUSquinoamarketandevolution Sugar 198 ofprices 215 Dietaryfiber 198 Quinoaintheeyeofamarketstorm 215 Lipids 199 Thequinoagrowerrisesout Vitamins 200 ofpoverty 217 Minerals 201 CurrentProductionPractices,Increased Anti-NutritionalFactorsofQuinoa 202 Acreage,andThoughtson BioactiveCompounds 204 Sustainability 221 Phenoliccompounds 204 LivingWell,ReversedMigration,and Phenolicacid 204 CulturalIdentity 224 Flavonoids 204 OpportunitiesfortheBolivianFarmer 225 Carotenoids 205 Index 227 Summary 205 References 205
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