Quick & Indepth C With Data Structures

355 Pages·2018·12.667 MB·English

by  Sudripta Nandy

Quick & Indepth
C
With Data Structures
Sudripta Nandy
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Quick & Indepth C With Data Structures
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Sudripta has almost 20 years of experience working on various computer technologies ranging from
desktop computers to Mainframes and to data centers. He has worked on multiple projects for many
Fortune 500 companies and in areas like operating system, media technologies, content protection,
data processing, backup technologies, services, setup and application development. Professionally, he
has spent his spare time educating and training upcoming young minds to the intricacies of
programming. In the personal front, he divides his time playing with his sports fanatic son, being a
couch potato and serving 'Her Majesty' - His wife :-). He can be reached at [e-mail].
To receive a soft copy of the program source codes discussed in this book, you may email a request to
the author with the subject line as 'Quick and Indepth C - Source codes'. Please provide your name,
your country of residence, the dealer details and the purchase date in the body of the email.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I may be the author of this book, but, it would have been impossible without the love and support of
many people around me. People who helped me grow up, get educated, guided me, inspired me, made
this book a possibility. There are so many people who touched my life, that I would need hundreds of
pages to dedicate them individually. If someone is left out over here, do remember that you reside in the
most precious place within me – my heart.
The first person I want to dedicate this book to, is my late grandfather, whose life principles I carry to
this day. I can relate many of my characteristics to him – some may not suit this modern era but, I am
proud of them. The next person who helped me shape up as a person and still doing so, is my mother.
She spent so many sleepless nights when I got those asthma attacks. I slept because she stayed awake,
I am alive because she stayed strong. She is my pillar of strength.
When I think about my life, its incomplete without my father – the person who never got angry on me,
who died working so that I could live. The most simple yet straight forward person I know. He left a void
in my heart which can never be filled.
The person who fills my life with the warmth I look for, is my son. Being a father is the best feeling a
person can have. He has helped me grow so much as a person and as a father. The next person who
completes me is my wife – the best friend in my entire life. The love and support, I get from her help me
in life’s every journey I take.
A person’s life is incomplete without a sister, and I am lucky to have two. The biggest support pillars of
my life, the persons I can always count on when in need. My grandmother is the person in whose lap I
started off my journey called life. My niece is the person who gave me the first feelings of being the
older generation – and what a beautiful feeling. Still visualize those chubby cheeks and big round eyes.
There are many others who played an important role in my life and guided me towards this journey. My
father-in-law, mother-in-law, moni, mesho, mezdabhai, brothers-in-law, sister-in-law, nephews, Sumit –
all helped me become the person I am today. They may not have directly helped me in writing this book
but, have helped the author within me evolve.
This book is also dedicated to the many friends and colleagues I had over the years. I learned from
every colleague (special mention A Chakrabarti, A Ray) I had during my entire professional career. The
work I did within my organization also helped me grow as a professional and come to this point where I
can confidently write a book.
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© 2018 Sudripta Nandy, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091, India, All Rights Reserved.
No part of this book, including texts, source codes, drawings, images, interior design, cover design,
icons, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form except with the permission of the author 'Sudripta
Nandy' of Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091, India.
Legal Disclaimer: The author of this book has made every attempt to ensure the accuracy and reliability
of the information provided in this book. However, the information is provided 'as is' without warranty of
any kind. The book provides reference information on the subject discussed, and the use and
application of the provided information is entirely dependent on the discretion of the reader. The author
and the publisher assume no responsibility (and liability) for the use of such information in whatever
possible manner. The author and the publisher will not be responsible for any loss or damage of
whatever nature (direct, indirect, consequential or other) whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise,
which may arise as a result of the use of (or inability to use) this book, or from the use of (or failure to
use) the information in this book.
The author and publisher also assume no responsibility regarding the web links and their contents
specified in this book. The web links are provided to help the reader have easy and quick availability of
matter discussed in this book. The web links may further redirect the user to other web locations. The
web links and their locations, the redirected locations and their contents are provided ‘as is’ without
warranty of any kind. The author and publisher of this book hold no responsibility (and liability) for the
web links and their locations, their redirected locations and their contents. Their access, use, view,
download, execution are entirely at the sole discretion of the person doing so. The author and the
publisher will not be responsible for any loss or damage of whatever nature (direct, indirect,
consequential or other) whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, which may arise as a result of the
use of (or inability to use) those links and locations, or from the use of (or failure to use) the contents
available through those links or locations.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO C..................................................................................................13
1.1 IMPORTANCE OF C............................................................................................................................13
1.2 WRITING PROGRAMS........................................................................................................................13
1.3 OUR FIRST PROGRAM.......................................................................................................................14
1.4 STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAMS..........................................................................................................16
1.5 EXECUTING A 'C' PROGRAM.............................................................................................................16
1.6 IDENTIFIERS IN C.............................................................................................................................17
DATA TYPES, VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS................................................................18
2.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................18
2.2 CHARACTER REPRESENTATION........................................................................................................18
2.3 TOKENS IN C......................................................................................................................................19
2.4 KEYWORDS.........................................................................................................................................19
2.5 CONSTANTS.......................................................................................................................................20
2.5.1 INTEGER CONSTANTS...............................................................................................................20
2.5.2 REAL CONSTANTS.....................................................................................................................21
2.5.3 SINGLE CHARACTER CONSTANTS............................................................................................21
2.5.4 STRING CONSTANTS.................................................................................................................22
2.6 IDENTIFIERS......................................................................................................................................22
2.7 VARIABLES.........................................................................................................................................22
2.7.1 VARIABLE DECLARATION..........................................................................................................23
2.8 DATA TYPES........................................................................................................................................23
2.8.1 PRIMARY DATA TYPES...............................................................................................................23
2.8.2 SIZE AND RANGE OF PRIMARY DATA TYPES............................................................................25
2.8.3 DERIVED DATA TYPES................................................................................................................26
2.8.4 ALIAS DATA TYPES....................................................................................................................26
2.8.5 void DATA TYPE..........................................................................................................................28
2.9 STORAGE CLASSES............................................................................................................................28
2.10 DEFINING SYMBOLIC CONSTANTS AND MACROS.........................................................................29
2.11 DECLARING A VARIABLE AS A CONSTANT....................................................................................31
2.12 VOLATILE VARIABLES......................................................................................................................31
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Quick & Indepth C With Data Structures
2.13 DATA OVERFLOW AND UNDERFLOW................................................................................................32
2.14 SAMPLE PROGRAM..........................................................................................................................32
OPERATORS AND OPERATIONS....................................................................................34
3.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................34
3.2 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS.................................................................................................................34
3.3 INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS.....................................................................................35
3.4 ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS................................................................................................................37
3.5 BITWISE OPERATORS........................................................................................................................37
3.6 RELATIONAL OPERATORS..................................................................................................................40
3.7 LOGICAL OPERATORS........................................................................................................................41
3.8 CONDITIONAL (TERNARY) OPERATOR..............................................................................................42
3.9 SPECIAL OPERATORS........................................................................................................................43
3.9.1 COMMA OPERATOR....................................................................................................................43
3.9.2 sizeof OPERATOR.......................................................................................................................43
3.10 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS...........................................................................................................43
3.11 TYPE CONVERSIONS.......................................................................................................................45
3.12 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY.............................................................................47
3.13 SAMPLE PROGRAMS........................................................................................................................48
INPUT, OUTPUT AND FORMAT SPECIFIERS................................................................52
4.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................52
4.2 READING INPUT.................................................................................................................................52
4.2.1 SIMPLE INPUT FUNCTIONS......................................................................................................52
4.2.2 FORMATTED INPUT...................................................................................................................53
4.3 FORMAT SPECIFIERS.........................................................................................................................54
4.3.1 FORMATTED INPUT [EXAMPLES]..............................................................................................56
4.4 GENERATING OUTPUT.......................................................................................................................56
4.4.1 SIMPLE OUTPUT FUNCTIONS..................................................................................................56
4.4.2 FORMATTED OUTPUT................................................................................................................57
4.5 SAMPLE PROGRAMS..........................................................................................................................58
ARRAYS........................................................................................................................61
5.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................61
5.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS.............................................................................................................62
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5.2.1 INITIALIZATION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS...................................................................62
5.2.2 STRINGS....................................................................................................................................63
5.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS............................................................................................................64
5.3.1 INITIALIZATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS...................................................................68
5.3.2 STRING ARRAYS........................................................................................................................69
5.4 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS..........................................................................................................69
5.5 SAMPLE PROGRAMS..........................................................................................................................70
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS AND BRANCHING..........................................................76
6.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................76
6.2 DECISION CONTROL USING if STATEMENT......................................................................................76
6.3 DECISION CONTROL USING if-else STATEMENT..............................................................................78
6.4 DECISION CONTROL USING if-else LADDER STATEMENTS.............................................................80
6.5 DECISION CONTROL USING NESTED if STATEMENTS.....................................................................82
6.6 DECISION CONTROL USING switch STATEMENT.............................................................................84
6.7 DECISION CONTROL USING CONDITIONAL (TERNARY) OPERATOR...............................................87
6.8 DECISION CONTROL USING goto STATEMENT................................................................................88
6.9 SAMPLE PROGRAMS..........................................................................................................................89
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS WITH LOOPS..................................................................94
7.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................94
7.2 THE while LOOP..................................................................................................................................95
7.3 THE do while LOOP............................................................................................................................96
7.4 THE for LOOP.....................................................................................................................................97
7.5 NESTED LOOPS................................................................................................................................100
7.6 JUMPING WITHIN LOOPS................................................................................................................102
7.6.1 THE break STATEMENT...........................................................................................................102
7.6.2 THE continue STATEMENT......................................................................................................105
7.7 CONCISE TEST CONDITIONS.........................................................................................................108
7.8 SAMPLE PROGRAMS........................................................................................................................108
POINTERS..................................................................................................................114
8.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................114
8.2 DECLARING, INITIALIZING AND ASSIGNING POINTERS..............................................................116
8.3 ACCESSING A VARIABLE USING ITS POINTER..............................................................................118
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Quick & Indepth C With Data Structures
8.4 ARRAY OF POINTERS AND POINTER TO AN ARRAY.......................................................................119
8.4.1 ARRAY OF POINTERS..............................................................................................................119
8.4.2 POINTER TO AN ARRAY...........................................................................................................120
8.5 POINTER ARITHMETIC....................................................................................................................122
8.6 POINTER TO ANOTHER POINTER....................................................................................................129
8.7 SAMPLE PROGRAMS........................................................................................................................131
CHARACTER STRING OPERATIONS...........................................................................136
9.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................136
9.2 UNICODE CHARACTERS..................................................................................................................138
9.3 ACCEPTING STRINGS FROM USER.................................................................................................139
9.4 PRINTING STRINGS TO CONSOLE..................................................................................................142
9.5 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS WITH CHARACTERS...........................................................................143
9.6 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS WITH STRINGS...................................................................................144
9.7 STRING PROCESSING FUNCTIONS................................................................................................144
9.7.1 GENERAL STRING PROCESSING FUNCTIONS.......................................................................144
9.7.2 MEMORY COPY AND COMPARISON FUNCTIONS...................................................................150
9.7.3 SINGLE CHARACTER PROCESSING FUNCTIONS..................................................................151
9.7.4 STRING CONVERSION FUNCTIONS.......................................................................................153
9.8 SAMPLE PROGRAMS........................................................................................................................158
STRUCTURES AND UNIONS.......................................................................................162
10.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................162
10.2 DEFINING A STRUCTURE..............................................................................................................162
10.3 ACCESSING MEMBERS.................................................................................................................164
10.4 STRUCTURE INITIALIZATION......................................................................................................166
10.5 ARRAY OF STRUCTURE.................................................................................................................167
10.6 POINTER TO STRUCTURE.............................................................................................................169
10.7 NESTED STRUCTURES..................................................................................................................170
10.8 BIT FIELDS....................................................................................................................................173
10.9 UNIONS.........................................................................................................................................176
USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS......................................................................................179
11.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................179
11.2 THE STRUCTURE OF A C FUNCTION............................................................................................180
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11.2.1 FUNCTION NAME..................................................................................................................180
11.2.2 FUNCTION RETURN TYPE AND VALUES..............................................................................181
11.2.3 FUNCTION ARGUMENTS......................................................................................................182
11.2.4 FUNCTION BODY...................................................................................................................183
11.2.5 EXAMPLE PROGRAMS...........................................................................................................183
11.3 FUNCTION VARIABLES: SCOPE AND LIFETIME...........................................................................184
11.3.1 AUTOMATIC VARIABLES.......................................................................................................185
11.3.2 GLOBAL AND EXTERNAL VARIABLES...................................................................................186
11.3.3 STATIC VARIABLES...............................................................................................................189
11.3.4 REGISTER VARIABLES..........................................................................................................191
11.4 FUNCTIONS WITH POINTER ARGUMENTS..................................................................................191
11.4.1 FUNCTION POINTER AS ARGUMENT...................................................................................193
11.5 FUNCTIONS WITH ARRAY ARGUMENTS......................................................................................195
11.6 FORWARD DECLARATION OF FUNCTIONS...................................................................................197
11.7 VARIABLE NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS...........................................................................................199
11.8 RECURSION...................................................................................................................................200
11.9 SAMPLE PROGRAMS......................................................................................................................203
FILE MANAGEMENT...................................................................................................210
12.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................210
12.2 CREATING AND OPENING FILE.....................................................................................................211
12.3 CLOSING A FILE............................................................................................................................212
12.4 WRITING-TO AND READING-FROM A TEXTUAL FILE..................................................................213
12.4.1 WRITING AND READING SINGLE CHARACTERS.................................................................213
12.4.2 WRITING AND READING INTEGERS.....................................................................................215
12.4.3 WRITING AND READING STRINGS.......................................................................................215
12.4.4 WRITING AND READING FORMATTED DATA........................................................................216
12.5 WRITING-TO AND READING-FROM A BINARY FILE.....................................................................221
12.6 MISCELLANEOUS FILE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS....................................................................226
DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION..............................................................................228
13.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................228
13.2 C PROGRAM – MEMORY LAYOUT...................................................................................................228
13.3 ALLOCATING MEMORY..................................................................................................................230
13.4 ALTERING ALLOCATED MEMORY SIZE..........................................................................................232
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