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Q QUEEN U gENDERinHISTORY E E AND COUNTRY N Using a rich array of oral histories and previously A unseen archival sources, Queen and country provides the first detailed academic study of the complex intersection N SAME-SEX DESIRE IN THE between same-sex desire and military authority in the British D Armed Forces between 1939 and 1945. It illuminates how men BRITISH ARMED FORCES, and women lived, loved and survived in an institution which, C at least publicly, was unequivocally hostile towards same-sex O 1939–45 activity within its ranks. Queen and country also tells a story of U selective remembrance and the politics of memory, exploring specifically why same-sex desire continues to be absent from N the historical record of the war. In examining this absence, and T the more intimate minutiae of cohesion, homosociability and R desire, it pushes far beyond traditional military history in order Y to cast new light on one of the most widely discussed conflicts of the twentieth century. It makes a significant and original contribution to debates concerning the British experience of war •• and introduces new ways of understanding the Second World War. Amongst other issues, the book examines contemporary understandings of homosexuality in relation to the entrance of V queer recruits and explores the experiences of those that served. i c It also highlights how the military authorities responded to k same-sex activity. e r s Queen and country is aimed at general readers and academic readers alike. •• Emma Vickers is Senior Lecturer in History at Liverpool John Moores University front cover © Imperial War Museum (B 7332) • Emma Vickers • www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk Vickers ppc.indd 1 28/09/2013 14:28 GENDER in HISTORY Series editors: Lynn Abrams, Cordelia Beattie, Pam Sharpe and Penny Summerfield •• The expansion of research into the history of women and gender since the 1970s has changed the face of history. Using the insights of feminist theory and of historians of women, gender historians have explored the configuration in the past of gender identities and relations between the sexes. They have also investigated the history of sexuality and family relations, and analysed ideas and ideals of masculinity and femininity. Yet gender history has not abandoned the original, inspirational project of women’s history: to recover and reveal the lived experience of women in the past and the present. The series Gender in History provides a forum for these developments. Its historical coverage extends from the medieval to the modern periods, and its geographical scope encompasses not only Europe and North America but all corners of the globe. The series aims to investigate the social and cultural con- structions of gender in historical sources, as well as the gendering of historical discourse itself. It embraces both detailed case studies of specific regions or periods, and broader treatments of major themes. Gender in History titles are designed to meet the needs of both scholars and students working in this dynamic area of historical research. Queen and country also available in the series •• Myth and materiality in a woman’s world: Shetland 1800–2000 Lynn Abrams Destined for a life of service: Defining African-Jamaican womanhood, 1865-1938 Henrice Altink Gender and housing in Soviet Russia: private life in a public space Lynne Attwood Love, intimacy and power: marital relationships in Scotland, 1650–1850 Katie Barclay History, patriarchy and the challenge of feminism (with University of Pennsylvania Press) Judith Bennett Modern women on trial: sexual transgression in the age of the flapper Lucy Bland Gender and medical knowledge in early modern history Susan Broomhall ‘The truest form of patriotism’: pacifist feminism in Britain, 1870–1902 Heloise Brown Artisans of the body in early modern Italy: identities, families and masculinities Sandra Cavallo Women of the right spirit: paid organisers of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) 1904–18 Krista Cowman Modern motherhood: women and family in England, c. 1945-2000 Angela Davis Masculinities in politics and war: gendering modern history Stefan Dudink, Karen Hagemann and John Tosh (eds) Victorians and the Virgin Mary: religion and gender in England 1830–1885 Carol Engelhardt Herringer Living in sin: cohabiting as husband and wife in nineteenth-century England Ginger S. Frost Jewish women in Europe in the Middle Ages: a quiet revolution Simha Goldin Murder and morality in Victorian Britain: the story of Madeleine Smith Eleanor Gordon and Gwyneth Nair The military leadership of Matilda of Canossa, 1046–1115 David J. Hay The shadow of marriage: singleness in England, 1914–60 Katherine Holden Women police: gender, welfare and surveillance in the twentieth century Louise Jackson Noblewomen, aristocracy and power in the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman realm Susan Johns The business of everyday life: gender, practice and social politics in England, c.1600–1900 Beverly Lemire Women and the shaping of British Methodism: persistent preachers, 1807–1907 Jennifer Lloyd The independent man: citizenship and gender politics in Georgian England Matthew McCormack Women, travel and identity: journeys by rail and sea, 1870-1940 Emma Robinson-Tomsett Infidel feminism: secularism, religion and women’s emancipation, England 1830-1914 Laura Schwartz The feminine public sphere: middle-class women and civic life in Scotland, c.1870–1914 Megan Smitley Being boys: working-class masculinities and leisure Melanie Tebbutt Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy and the Victorian feminist movement: the biography of an insurgent woman Maureen Wright QUEEN AND COUNTRY SAME-SEX DESIRE IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES, 1939–45 • Emma Vickers • Manchester University Press Manchester and New York distributed in the United States exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan Copyright © Emma Vickers 2013 The right of Emma Vickers to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk Distributed in the United States exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA Distributed in Canada exclusively by UBC Press University of British Columbia, 2029 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 978 0 7190 8294 8 hardback First published 2013 The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire For Corinna, Steve, Sarah, Fran, Kellie and my students at Lancaster and Reading. Contents list of figures page ix list of tables xi acknowledgements xiii abbreviations xv Introduction 1 1 Inclusion 24 2 Keeping up appearances 50 3 Playing away 75 4 Make do and mend: military law and same-sex desire 104 Conclusion 151 Epilogue 162 biographies of interviewees 165 bibliography 167 index 195 • vii • List of figures 1 ‘Some seafaring gentlemen may be particular’. Caption: ‘Good looks are to be taken into consideration in the choosing of recruits for the American Navy. Our cartoonist thinks that “Sailors don’t care” will be an out- of- date saying before long.’ © The British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. 31 2 ‘Our beautiful women athletes’. Caption: ‘We are told that women athletes are now of the graceful feminine type. / We presume the manly ones keep to drawing rooms.’ © Mirrorpix, Solo Syndication. 32 3 Radclyffe Hall and Una Troubridge, 1927. © Fox Photos/Hulton Archive/Getty Images. 35 4 Ronald Niebour’s satirical take on medical testing. Caption: ‘That will be about all – now goodbye and good luck to you.’ © Mirrorpix, Solo Syndication. 38 5 Sailors of HMS Duke of York relax in a canvas bath, date unknown. © Imperial War Museum. 54 6 Hula- Hula ‘girls’ rehearsing their Christmas act on board a destroyer depot ship, Scapa Flow, 18 December 1942. © Imperial War Museum. 96 • ix •