Quechua Ethnolinguistic Vitality: A Perspective on and from Health

170 Pages·2022·3.769 MB·English

by  Alana Nicole DeLoge

Title Page
Quechua Ethnolinguistic Vitality: A Perspective on and from Health

by

Alana Nicole DeLoge

Bachelor of Arts, University of Miami, 2004

Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2007

Master of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2012

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the

Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

University of Pittsburgh

2022
Committee Membership Page
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

This dissertation was presented

by

Alana Nicole DeLoge

It was defended on

February 18, 2022

and approved by

Matthew Kanwit, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh

Scott Kiesling, Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh

Erin O’Rourke, Associate Professor, Modern Languages and Classics, The University of

Alabama

Thesis Advisor/Dissertation Director: Shelome Gooden, Professor and Assistant Vice Chancellor

for Research, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh

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Copyright © by Alana Nicole DeLoge

2022

iii
Abstract
Quechua Ethnolinguistic Vitality: A Perspective on and from Health
Alana Nicole DeLoge, PhD
University of Pittsburgh, 2022
This dissertation increases our understanding of the ethnolinguistic vitality (EV) of one
variety of Quechua and expands our understanding of what it means for a language to be vital.
Utilizing a sociolinguistics of language contact approach, in which the connections among
languages and cultures in contact necessarily underlie outcomes of EV, I explore three distinct
cases to demonstrate EV within the domain of health for Cochabamba Quechua, a subvariety of
Southern Quechua spoken in and around the city of Cochabamba, Bolivia.
A series of ten sociolinguistic interviews provide the data for the first two analyses. In the
first analysis, language ideologies and attitudes emerge that inform Quechua EV, e.g., the Spanish
language is associated with that which is academic and scientific, while Quechua is understood as
oppositional to this. These ideologies do not demonstrate high EV: Quechua is not valued, but
rather is a tool for a hegemonic healthcare system. In the second analysis, I demonstrate that the
discourse marker a veces, or ‘sometimes,’ is used as a reportative evidential marker that can also
denote negative affective stance in Andean Spanish, a result of contact with Quechua and other
indigenous languages. Both the presence of a veces within Andean Spanish and that it is a resource
through and with which speakers navigate social realities denote potential for Quechua EV.
Finally, analyzing Cochabamba Quechua outside of Cochabamba, COVID-19 informational
videos presented through internet channels and a speech event contributing to the development of
a Quechua language textbook also suggest high EV for Quechua because they indicate significant
social capital.
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In addition to a greater understanding of Quechua EV, this dissertation also demonstrates
the necessity to consider the linguistic ecology, through ethnographic and interactional data, to
determine how EV is identified and analyzed. Rather than classifications along a high to low
continuum, for example, studies of EV might consider looking at where and how vitality manifests,
i.e., what Quechua speakers do, how they do it, and how EV manifests in these very particular
contexts.
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Table of Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................................... xii
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Ethnolinguistic Vitality (EV) ......................................................................................... 2
1.2 Sociolinguistics of Language Contact of Quechua ...................................................... 3
1.2.1 Language Contact Between Quechua and Spanish ..........................................4
1.3 Quechua Health and Language ................................................................................... 10
1.4 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 11
2.0 Ethnolinguistic Vitality: A Sociolinguistics of Language Contact Approach ................. 14
2.1 Overview of Ethnolinguistic Vitality .......................................................................... 14
2.2 A Sociolinguistics of Language Contact: Quechua and Health Care ...................... 19
2.2.1 Health in Bolivia .................................................................................................19
2.2.2 Language Contact in Health Care ....................................................................21
3.0 Language Ideologies and Attitudes: Community Perspectives ........................................ 26
3.1 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Consultants .................................................................................................................... 29
3.3 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 33
3.3.1 Language Ideologies ...........................................................................................33
3.3.2 Potential Outcomes for EV ................................................................................36
3.4 Results ............................................................................................................................ 40
3.4.1 Patients’ Perspectives.........................................................................................40
3.4.1.1 Valuation of Local Resources and Local Knowledge ......................... 40
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3.4.1.2 Interactions with Healthcare Providers ............................................... 42
3.4.1.3 Impressions of a Spanish Domain ........................................................ 43
3.4.1.4 Communication and Language Use in Health .................................... 44
3.4.2 Providers’ Perspectives ......................................................................................45
3.4.2.1 The Importance of Language in Health Care ..................................... 45
3.4.2.2 Recent Language-Related Laws, Legislation, and Programs ............ 47
3.4.2.3 Challenges to Increased Use of Quechua ............................................. 49
3.4.2.4 Intercultural Health Care ..................................................................... 49
3.4.2.5 Meta-analysis of Language Ideologies within Health Care ............... 54
3.4.2.6 Suggestions for Improvement ............................................................... 55
3.5 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 55
3.5.1 Language Ideologies ...........................................................................................56
3.5.2 Quechua EV ........................................................................................................58
4.0 Evidentiality in Cochabamba Spanish ................................................................................ 61
4.1 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 63
4.2 Consultants .................................................................................................................... 64
4.3 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 66
4.3.1 Linguistic Resources ..........................................................................................67
4.3.1.1 Evidentiality ........................................................................................... 68
4.3.1.2 Stance ...................................................................................................... 71
4.3.1.3 Epistemic and Affective Stance ............................................................ 72
4.3.1.4 Connecting Evidentiality, Epistemic Stance, and Affective Stance .. 73
4.3.2 Examples from the Andes ..................................................................................74
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4.3.3 Expected Outcomes ............................................................................................77
4.4 Results ............................................................................................................................ 77
4.5 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 89
4.5.1 Evidentiality and Stance ....................................................................................89
4.5.2 Quechua EV ........................................................................................................91
5.0 Global Quechua and Health ................................................................................................. 94
5.1 COVID-19 Information Dissemination ...................................................................... 96
5.1.1 Literature Review: COVID-19 in Bolivia and Implications for Indigenous
Populations ..................................................................................................................97
5.1.2 Analysis: COVID-19 Information Dissemination Materials ........................100
5.1.3 Quechua EV ......................................................................................................110
5.2 A Multidialectal Speech Event .................................................................................. 112
5.2.1 Literature Review: Multi-dialectalism and Multilingualism as Sources for EV
.....................................................................................................................................113
5.2.2 Analysis .............................................................................................................117
5.2.3 Discussion ..........................................................................................................126
5.3 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 128
6.0 Discussion and Conclusion ................................................................................................. 130
6.1 Return to Research Questions ................................................................................... 131
6.2 Summary of Discussion .............................................................................................. 132
6.2.1 Language Ideologies and Attitudes: Community Perspectives ....................132
6.2.2 Evidentiality in Cochabamba Spanish ...........................................................133
6.2.3 Global Quechua and Health ............................................................................134
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6.2.4 Consider the Three Cases Together and the Implications for Quechua EV
.....................................................................................................................................135
6.3 Other Examples of Quechua EV ............................................................................... 136
6.4 Theoretical Considerations for EV: Translinguistics ............................................. 139
6.5 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 142
6.5.1 Small Sample Size and Selection of Data .......................................................142
6.5.2 Cultural vs. Linguistic Vitality........................................................................143
6.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 145
Appendix A - Codebook ........................................................................................................... 147
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 148
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List of Tables
Table 1. Consultants ................................................................................................................... 32

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