Quarterly Summer 2001

32 Pages·2001·8.2 MB·English

by  College of New Rochelle

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UUAARRTTEERRLLYY
Summer 2001 | Volume 73 | No. 2
The College of New Rochelle Alumnae/i Magazine
MMOOVVIINNGG
BBEEYYOONNDD
BBOORRDDEERRSS
Alumnae/i Helping Others
Around the World
MOVING
BEYOND
BORDERS
Alumnae/i Helping
Others Around the World
A
t The College of We are proud to say
New Rochelle, that our students have
where our guide is clearly taken that mes-
the wonderful example sage to heart and as
set by our Ursuline alumnae/i are carrying
found resses, it is easy out that devotion to
to understand why service in communities
education-for-service in both the United
is so deeply rooted in States and those far
our mission. For nearly beyond its borders.
a century, we have Within this issue, we
encouraged our stu- hope to share with our
dents to not just readers the varied
accept the world as it experiences and per-
is but to delve deeper, sonal perspectives of
question more, and our alumnae/i as they
stand up for what they commit their lives to
believe in. And most providing service
of all, we have urged around the world. From
them to put their val- Mexico, to Bolivia, to
ues into action by the Dominican Re -
making a difference public, to Guyana, to
in the lives of others. Africa, the alumnae/i
featured on the follow-
ing pages are fitting
examples of that devo-
tion to service, but
they are certainly far
from alone among the
College’s alumnae/i....
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UARTERLY
UARTERLY
EDITORIAL STAFF
Executive Editor
Deborah W. Thomas
Managing Editor
Lenore Boytim Carpinelli SAS’89
The College of New Rochelle Alumnae/i Magazine
Class Notes Editor Summer 2001 | Volume 73 | Number 2
Irene Villaverde
Graphic Design
Kim Barron/IKON
Class Notes Design 2
Colleen Ho
Contributing Writers COVER STORY
Maureen Casey SAS’75
John Coyne In the Borderlands
Kathleen Cravero Kristoffersson SAS’76
Nancy Quirk Keefe ’56
Laudelina Martinez ’63
Barbra Murray
Photographs
Johnna Paladino Roca SAS’88, GS’91 & ’94 8
John Vecchiolla
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Graduates in Service
Eileen Gallagher Harrington ’62, Chair
to the World
Judith Balfe SNR’89, GS’91
Melody Barreiros SAS’00
Renee Blackwell SAS’95
Madeleine Blais ’69
Julie Connelly ’65
Eileen Denver ’64
Dr. Mimi Donius
Dorothy Fleming GS’99
Kathleen Fredrick ’59
Mary Plitsas Hesdorffer SN’95
Nancy Quirk Keefe ’56
Patricia Keegan Abels SAS’73
Camille Marchetta ’62 13
Maria Mercader SAS’88
Martha Reddington SAS’76
Dying to
Letters to the Editor and editorial
correspondence should be directed to: Help the
Lenore Boytim Carpinelli SAS’89 Poor
[phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Class Notes Columns and
correspondence should be directed to:
Irene Villaverde
[phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
10
DEPARTMENTS
What They Did
15
for Their Country
CNR Alumnae in
Along Castle Place
the Peace Corps 16
23
Alumnae/i
Branching Out with SNR College 2001
25 Rejuvenating
Class Spirit
On the Student Scene
26
From the Board Room
14
27
Leading the Way
Alumnae/i News
in Service
28 The Ursulines
Alumnae/i on the Move
14
Cover: A maquiladoraworker’s child in the doorway of her home in Matamoros,
Mexico. Though a blanket serves as the door to the house, her family is luckier
(follows page) than most because the house is made of wood instead of cardboard. Photo by
Class Notes Marie Triller, courtesy of the NYS Labor-Religion Coalition.
Y
R
O By Maureen Casey SAS’75
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Ten years ago, globalization was touted as a sure way to bring the world together. I remember he conversations become hushed
as we drive through neighbor-
the word being invoked as a utopia.
hoods with rutted dirt streets
Doing away with frontiers to benefit markets, the argument went, would level the playing
lined with shacks made of cardboard
field for countries. The concept of developing countries would eventually disappear because and scraps of wood. Children stare as
the big white van pulls into someone’s
these nations would have a chance to compete with developed countries under new rules.
yard: the “gringos” have arrived for a
Market place forces would bring prosperity to large segments of the population in these coun-
prearranged lunch and meeting.
tries (if they applied themselves) and our own economy would be stronger as a result. Shining eyes, soft hands, gentle small
voices reach shyly to greet us. The shy-
Most important, the lessons of democracy would be learned by a wider audience. In democ-
ness on both sides lasts about three sec-
ratizing the world, new freedoms, rights, and opportunities would be discovered by an ever
onds—long enough for a gracious wel-
increasing number of people. come to be offered and little ones to ask
for hugs. Communication barriers melt;
Well, globalization is here, and its reality is an account not wholly supported by its
the universal language of laughter fills
arguments.
the air. We are ready once more to listen
– Introduction by Laudelina Martinez ’63 and learn about life among the workers
2 QUARTERLY
BB OO RR DD EE RR LL AA NN DD SS
of Mexico’s maquiladoras, the factories actively pursued social and economic
for export that line the Border. justice on issues important to the reli-
My job takes me to the Border towns gious and labor communities. By 1997,
of Matamoros and Rio Bravo, not far a major concern of mutual interest to
from Texas, several times a year. As I both communities was the effect of
clamber down from the van, I am treat- globalization on our local economies
ed as an old friend, even a family mem- and on the lives of people around the
ber by my godson Ivan’s parents. After world. As workers in the North as well
eight trips, the Border region has as those in Mexico (and in other coun-
become an extension of my heart and tries, too) lost ground, we wanted to
home. find ways to build alliances to deal with
My work on the Border started four the power of corporations. We decided
years ago when I was asked by the New that our chief strategy would be to
York State Labor-Religion Coalition to enable people to meet face to face across Maureen Casey (center with glasses) during the February
develop an international focus as part of our borders and that we would do this 2001 delegation to Mexico’s border with Texas.
Above: A maquiladora workers’ neighborhood, Colonia
the organization’s mission. Since its in partnership with organizations that
Cambio, in Matamoros, where there is no running
inception in 1980, the Coalition has are familiar with the Border and its water, electricity, or other urban services.
QUARTERLY 3
to 50 dollars a week. Food, housing, and
transportation costs are comparable to
those in Texas. In fact, workers, who can,
cross the Border to shop for groceries in
Texas where bargains may be found for
chicken, toilet paper, rice, and beans.
I have seen the effects of NAFTA on
the millions of people migrating to the
Border to work in the maquiladoras.
They migrate because the rural economy
is in even greater shambles than on the
Border. NAFTA stipulated that Mexico
eradicate many of its constitutional land
reform laws, so small farmers are now
finding it impossible to live on their tra-
ditional plots of land. They are being
squeezed out by agribusiness and food
exports, and their children go hungry.
Members of the group from the February 2001 delegation playing with the children of the maquiladora workers in
I have seen what NAFTA and free
Matamoros.
trade has done to the environment. I
realities. Our first delegation traveled to have walked in neighborhoods around a
the Border in November 1997. canal that drains toxic effluent from a
From the beginning, the keystone of nearby industrial park. I have choked on
this work has been people meeting peo- the fumes of burning garbage while chil-
ple, listening to each others’ stories, dren played nearby. I have seen children
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learning the facts about the North playing in streets paved with slag that is
American Free Trade Agreement the byproduct of the production of
I have been welcomed
(NAFTA) and free trade, and building Freon (banned in the United States
relationships over the long term. Our because of its effect on the ozone layer).
into the homes of work- agenda is to put a human face on the Those children suffer from skin ail-
global economy. The Coalition insists ments and complain that when it rains,
ers who produce the that economic decisions include ethical the dust burns their skin.
principles; that workers be treated with I have been welcomed into the
things I use every day. dignity and receive a living wage; that homes of workers who produce the
working conditions be as safe as possi- things I use every day. They live in dirt-
They live in dirt-floored ble; and that the environment be pro- floored shacks made of cardboard and
tected for present and future genera- wood shipping pallets in colonias(neigh-
shacks made of card- tions. We have chosen to do this in a borhoods) with no sanitation, electrici-
microcosmic way, in partnership with a ty, or potable water. I have left these
board and wood shipping few communities in the northeastern homes in tears, full of anger that people
corner of Mexico. have to live like this, and full of admira-
pallets in colonias From my travels to the Border, I have tion for the women I have met there
seen and learned many things. who work full-time and more in the fac-
(neighborhoods) with no I have learned that NAFTA isn’t tories and maintain these modest homes
working in the way it was presented. in dignity.
During the debate about it (and now in I have been accepted as a friend and
sanitation, electricity, or
information about the Free Trade of the colleague by some remarkable people,
Americas Agreement), the public was including women like:
potable water.
told that living standards on both sides Consuelo, who worked for a compa-
of the Border would improve. Mexicans ny making paper bags for Hallmark:
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would have better paying jobs that 2500 bags a day, ten or twelve hours
would enable them to purchase U.S.- each day, six days a week, in an unventi-
made goods, and our economy would lated, hot warehouse where she endured
benefit from increased trade. The sexual harassment and petty vindictive-
Mexican workers I meet are not able to ness from managers. She earned $25 a
purchase U.S. consumer goods. Their week until she and co-workers went on
average wage at the maquiladoras is 35 strike a year ago to demand better pay
4QUARTERLY
and conditions. The strike was broken Teachers (NYSUT) who pledged that
in February 2001, but not Consuelo’s his union would help build that school.
spirit or determination. She says, “I The brand new, clean rooms now hold
don’t want my daughter to have to go classes for 150 children, kindergarten
through this. I will continue to fight.” through sixth grade. Rosa and her
Rosa, whose determination has built kitchen have produced wonderful meals
a school. In presentations to several del- for our delegations and the whole com-
egations, Rosa and other mothers in her munity.
community explained that they worried Alma who led a community to trans-
about their kids having to walk great form a garbage dump into a neighbor-
distances, crossing dangerous highways hood. She has confronted state gover-
to get to an overcrowded school. One nors and presidents to demand justice
group who heard the story included the and title to the land for the poor people
president of the New York State United (Continued on page 6) Parched land in the borderlands and no shoes are part
of the way of life for the children of the maquiladora
workers in Matamoros.
NAFTA and Globalization
When the North American Free However, with the successes of Labor Cooperation, each of the three
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was NAFTA and the opening of national countries may advance labor issues
passed in 1993, the agreement between economies worldwide, critical global and monitor enforcement of labor
the U.S., Canada, and Mexico set out issues have come to the fore, including laws in the trading partners.
to open new opportunities for trade human rights, labor standards, and pro- U.N. Secretary-General Kofi
and investment, bringing more bene- tecting the environment — issues that Annan has formed the U.N. Global
fits to companies, workers, and con- though for the most part existed prior to Compact, a voluntary initiative ask-
sumers across North America. Today, the growth of free trade, are, neverthe- ing businesses to take corporate
though the debate among govern- less, in need of address. action to upgrade human rights,
ment, corporate, and public groups “...Globalization is not an immutable labor, and environmental conditions
continues, according to the Office of force, moving in one inevitable direc- and to bring the benefits of globaliza-
the U.S. Trade Representative, NAFTA tion,” said U.N. Deputy Secretary- tion to more people worldwide.
has been very successful. Trade be - General Louise Frèchette in an address Already, leading companies from
tween the three countries has in - to the Ottawa Leadership Forum in every industry and every continent
creased by 96 percent, and the em - February. “It is a human creation, and are supporting the Compact through
ployment rates have risen dramatical- as such it is subject to human agency. their own initiatives. For example,
ly – by 7 percent in the U.S., by 10 We may not be able to control it. But DaimlerChrysler has enacted a com-
percent in Canada, and by 22 percent we can steer it and shape it into some- prehensive AIDS treatment plan for
in Mexico. The U.S. manufacturing thing more beneficial, for more of the its South African employees and their
sector has grown by over 66 percent world’s people, than it is today.” families and introduced a project to
and agricultural exports to the two Several efforts are currently under- encourage small communities in the
NAFTA markets by 48 percent. way to do just that. As part of NAFTA, Brazilian rain forest to farm their land
NAFTA is also credited with keeping the Commission for Environmental in a sustainable manner. British
the Mexican market open despite the Cooperation has undertaken numerous American Tobacco has launched a
worst economic crisis in Mexico’s projects including the conservation of program to combat child labor and to
modern history, cushioning the down- the Monarch butterfly and the initia- ensure that children under 16 receive
turn, and helping speed the recovery. tion of a North American Biodiversity a proper education, and Ericsson has
“NAFTA was always about much Information Network. Through Border undertaken a humanitarian offensive
more than trade,” said U.S. Trade XXI, U.S./Mexico border states are to donate expertise and hardware to
Representative Robert Zoellick in a developing strategic plans to address assist victims of disaster.
speech to the Council of the Amer - degradation of the border environment, Clearly, just a beginning but vital,
icas in May. “It was key to the politi- the EPA has committed $22 million to for in the words of Kofi Annan, “If we
cal transformation of modernizing border tribes for waste water and water cannot make globalization work for
Mexico. It is not a coincidence that system improve ments, and Mexico has all, in the end, it will work for none.”
after NAFTA’s implementation, Mexico enacted and begun to enforce more – Lenore Carpinelli
elected its first president from the oppo - stringent environmental laws. Under
sition since that nation’s revolution.” the North American Agreement on
QUARTERLY 5
In the Borderlands
G L O B A L I Z A
(Continued from page 5)
who have no where else to live.
And Marta, my partner in all this By Laudelina Martinez ’63
work, who introduced me to the Border On the plus side of globalization, one
and teaches me about its culture, people, might count the way global communi-
and reality. Marta began work in a facto- cation has indeed made the world seem
ry when she was 15 and worked for var- smaller. Images generated in one part of
ious companies for 25 years. She has a the globe can be seen immediately in
vision of a world where workers are another part. Messaging is just as fast
treated with dignity and people can join and ubiquitous.
hands across borders and cultures to United States popular culture informs
fight for that dignity together. Her pas- the culture of most countries. Among
sion and dedication are awe-inspiring. Maura Welch, a sixth grader from Syracuse and one young people, there is increasingly a kind
of several youngsters who took part in the delegation,
I am learning every day. At CNR, I of cultural Esperanto. The iconography
embraces one of the children of the maquiladora workers.
majored in religious studies and was of jeans and sneakers has been en -
inspired by the work of liberation the- trenched the world over. Coca-Cola is
ologians and educators like Leonardo is the gift I am given every day in my found everywhere, even in the Amazon
Boff and Paolo Freire. In one of those work on the Border, a gift I have been region. The use of English as the lingua
life twists, my work on the Border and able to share with more than 100 people francais growing and so is rock and roll.
“ethical economics” brings me back to so far. Yet globalization’s negative aspects
those teachings. I see liberation happen- entangle this and other countries. Trade
Delegations to the Border are planned for November
ing on strike lines, in educational work- policies insisting on globalized struc-
2001 and February 2002. For further information
shops, and in simple shared meals where tures, instead of leading to a better
about them, or about the NYS Labor-Religion
people celebrate their humanity. I am Coalition, contact Maureen Casey by phone at world, are creating conditions from
seeing concrete examples of the way in 518-272-8275 or by email at maureenc@labor- which it may be difficult to recover.
religion.org.
which hope can triumph over the power Hard to ignore, these conditions include
of money and fear. Maureen Casey, a CNR alumna, is the Director of the the hasty increase in injuries to the envi-
A 16-year-old delegation member International Program for the NYS Labor-Religion ronment; the weakening of the ideas of
wrote in her journal during her trip this Coalition, a human rights organization focusing on sovereignty and the nation-state; an
workplace issues affecting low-wage workers and their
February, “It’s only the first day, and my alarming vulnerability to pan-epidemics;
families. Maureen also teaches at The Sage Colleges and
life is already changed.” Mine too. That lives in Troy, NY. and a resurrection of work patterns we
thought were close to being eliminated.
Prominent among the patterns mak-
ing a comeback are sweatshops, child
labor, trafficking in humans and human
parts, work in bondage, and slave labor.
They are accompanied by an appalling
array of subsidiary conditions such as
low pay or no pay; physical and sexual
abuse; 12 to 18 hour work-days; cram -
ped conditions without temperature
control or ventilation; tight restrictions
regarding use of sanitary facilities, if
there are any; exposure to and use of
toxic materials casually sharing space
with workers; a required work week of six
or seven days; and dangerous machinery
that maims or kills workers without
recourse by them or their families. These
circumstances have been well-document-
ed by mainstream media such as The
New York Timesand 60 Minutes.
Just as they flourish in many parts of
the world, so are these patterns making a
strong reappearance in the United States.
Maureen Casey (with microphone) has led nine trips to Mexico to enable people to meet face to face across our borders.
6QUARTERLY
T I O N : E T H I C A L D I M E N S I O N S
In this new world order, the labor of difference between that and its in-store interests of our country when one con-
children and younger women is often price is a story of profits taken at three siders these facts: the increases in our
preferred, for their size and small motor or four stops on the way. trade deficits, the trailing of wages
coordination. I was astonished to hear a One of those who went on a delega- behind a median high in 1989, the
speaker at a conference in Washington, tion organized by Maureen Casey for poverty of elderly women and children
D.C., say that many medical instru- the New York State Labor-Religion (around 40% of Blacks and Hispanic
ments are made by children in Pakistan. Coalition to Mexico’s border region children), the fragility of a system of
Among other things, I knew about child with the U.S. tells that he was wearing self-determination when politically
labor in rugs, soccer balls, and sneakers, pants with the brand of a manufacturer competing with big-monied interests,
but not in medical instruments. Of who specializes in ads that longingly and the widening income inequality (in
course, children’s pay, when there is any, look back to Long Island summer hous- the 1990’s, the top one percent grew in
is minuscule. Since schooling is out of es of the 1920’s or manor houses in the after-tax income by 157% and incomes
the question, they grow up illiterate; English style. The Mexican workers for the middle increased by 10%, while
since medical attention is non-existent, immediately recognized the pants as Americans in the bottom one-fifth saw
they may develop chronic conditions ones they had made. When told by the no gain). Even a popular business mag-
associated with the work they do. Their wearer what he had paid for the pants, azine recently wrote that the global
bodies and minds are used up by the the workers were dumb-struck: he had economy has not been good for individ-
time they reach mid-adolescence. paid the equivalent of several weeks pay ual workers here and abroad.
Employers and consumers gain from for any of them. In the final analysis, these considera-
these children’s labor, but what do the The lure of cheap labor has pushed tions—economic, social, political—may
children gain? the apparel industry, and others, to lead us to different conclusions about
In the apparel industry in Mexico abandon the U.S. and move elsewhere. trade globalization. But, the fundamental
and Central America, young women Continually seeking lower wage costs, test is in the moral sphere. Although a
start working in their early teens. companies are involved in a process of prominent businessman says that all
Because they are of child-bearing age, quickly moving from one country to business is “amoral,” how one makes
their employers use intrusive physical another for cheaper labor. This process money is not a morally neutral activity. It
tactics and intimidation to discourage has unleashed forces that destabilize involves making decisions that have
pregnancies. By their early thirties, these developing countries as they compete effects beyond oneself. It is making
women are spent. Sitting for most of the for multinationals with incentives that choices—sometimes small, sometimes
day in front of a sewing machine takes may be at odds with the interests of large—informed by one’s values. Because
its toll on the eyes, the back, the hands, their people and, ultimately, their own the labor patterns that trade globalization
the spirit. This is, after all, a world with- sustainability. has reestablished are callous at best and
out days of rest or vacations. They are In losing its manufacturing base, the harmful at worst, we must ask if we are
dismissed, in this world without pen- U.S. is still unable to handle the result- going to accept labor conditions of
sions or benefits, when their speed is ing labor shifts. Lots of service jobs lead enslavement or exploitation for the bene-
gone or they become ill. Most of the nowhere and pay minimum wage, not fit of a high return on investment.
major U.S. retailers and the most popu- enough to be self-sufficient. Few jobs My interest is not so much in disman-
lar U.S. clothes brands will have benefit- provide skill growth in an industry. tling the concept of a shrinking world as
ted from these women’s labor, but what Knowledge jobs have temporary or it is in ensuring that ethical dimensions
benefit will these women take? independent contractor status. White are probed. How can ordinary individu-
Around the world, a comparison of collar workers continue to be dispensa- als work to protect the human rights of
wages in the apparel industry shows that ble with ongoing corporate layoffs and workers here and abroad? In a ground -
one hour’s work is often less than a dol- mergers. Certain job categories are swell of a social movement on this issue,
lar in pay. This is why, while most of the becoming deprofessionalized—physi- college and high school students are let-
clothes we wore in the 1980’s were made cians, lawyers, nurses, teachers. ting the nation know that in building
in the U.S., the majority of these goods The politicians’ drive for globalizing strong economies and communities, we
now come from abroad. One might trade is not so much to strengthen U.S. must keep what’s right for workers at
think that low wages elsewhere might social and economic sectors as it is for center stage.
mean less expensive prices here, but that helping the trade interests of multina-
is not the case, especially with major tionals, whose financial support gets Laudelina Martinez, a CNR alumna, owns the
Martinez Gallery in Troy, NY, which specializes in
brands. An item such as a $150 shirt or politicians elected. The short-term goals
Latino and Latin American art. Laudelina has a con-
a $100 pair of sneakers may have cost at of the multinationals and politicians
sulting practice, and one of her clients is the NYS
most a couple of dollars to make. The appear to run against the long-term Labor-Religion Coalition.
QUARTERLY 7
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the
early age, she knew she wanted to do mental organization, Pilar says FIE is
something for the people of Bolivia — “the pioneer program in microcredit in
to help make a difference. Bolivia, and we began our work offering
Poverty was not the only situation loans — mostly to women — as well as
surrounding her. Examples of people skills training and technical assistance
helping people were part of her environ- for their microenterprises.” The small
ment as well. With her aunt, who was a companies range in type and include
social worker, Pilar visited many orphan- clothing factories, furniture manufac-
ages and hospitals growing up, and it turers, prepared food enterprises, and
was there, she says, that she “decided I even some street vendors.
wanted to be like her.” It was also that Then in 1998 — after having provid-
Pilar Ramirez with one of FIE’s clients who sells
experience that prompted Pilar to study ed more than $70 million dollars to
cheese and eggs from a market in La Paz, Bolivia
psychology when she came to the United businesses that, for the most part, have
States to complete her education. After grown and remained successful — FIE
Pilar Ramirez SAS’72 graduating from CNR in 1972, she went evolved into a commercial for-profit
on to acquire a master’s degree in psy- organization in order to provide their
To anyone who knew her growing
chology from the New School for Social clients with a savings program. Today,
up in Bolivia or during her years at The
Research and a master’s in public admin- “FIE has more than 200 employees and
College of New Rochelle, Pilar
istration from Harvard’s John F. a client portfolio of 25,000 persons —
Ramirez’s benevolent works today
Kennedy School of Government. 60 percent of whom are women and all
would come as no surprise. As the exec-
Of her experience at CNR, she says low-income.”
utive president and cofounder of
the education served as a launching pad “We have been very successful in our
Centro de Fomento a Iniciativas
for tremendous professional satisfaction. goal,” she notes. “There are many simi-
Economicas (FIE) — or Center for the
But most importantly, the all-women lar programs in Bolivia now, and all of
Development of Economic Initiatives
atmosphere at the College, “made me these programs are an example in the
— Pilar provides loans to low-income
conscious of who women are, how world of microfinance for other regions.
entrepreneurial hopefuls in Bolivia,
forceful and strong we can be, and also Lack of access to credit is no longer an
individuals who without her organiza-
how much fun.” She adds, “That expe- issue in the Bolivian cities; any low-
tion would have little chance of obtain-
rience made me a ‘feminist,’ and in the income person with economic activity,
ing financial assistance.
period of 1979 to 1984, I was one of the no matter how small, can visit one of
Pilar credits her long-standing
leaders of the feminist movement here the microcredit programs and obtain a
dedication to community service to
in Bolivia.” On this note, she also loan for his or her business.”
both her Catholic upbringing and
proudly points out that the now very But success constitutes no reason for
her experiences watching family
successful FIE was created by five complacency in Pilar Ramirez’s world.
members as a child. In a country
women. She and FIE are expanding their pro-
where 70 percent of the population
gram model beyond Bolivia. “We will
lives beneath the poverty line, Pilar Making use of her education and fol-
soon open offices in Buenos Aires,
grew up in a privileged home — but lowing her strong commitment to help
Argentina, where a large Bolivian mig -
she never took it for granted. “I others, Pilar has enjoyed working as a
rant population lives and one that, once
became aware of [the surrounding consultant, psychologist, and university
more, has no access to financial servic-
poverty] very early as a little girl, and professor. However, establishing FIE is
es,” she says. “FIE will cross borders and
it has always bothered me very her crowning achievement. Founded in
begin there as we did in Bolivia in 1985.”
much,” she explains. So from an 1985 as a non-profit and non-govern-
B Y B A R B R A
8 QUARTERLY