Quantum Plasmonics PDF
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Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences 185 Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi Luis Martin-Moreno Francisco Garcia-Vidal Editors Quantum Plasmonics Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences Volume 185 Series editors Bernhard Keimer, Stuttgart, Germany Roberto Merlin, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Hans-Joachim Queisser, Stuttgart, Germany Klaus von Klitzing, Stuttgart, Germany TheSpringerSeriesinSolid-StateSciencesconsistsoffundamentalscientificbooks prepared by leading researchers in the field. They strive to communicate, in a systematic and comprehensive way, the basic principles as well as new developments in theoretical and experimental solid-state physics. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/682 ⋅ Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi Luis Martin-Moreno Francisco Garcia-Vidal Editors Quantum Plasmonics 123 Editors Sergey I.Bozhevolnyi Francisco Garcia-Vidal Centrefor Nano Optics Condensed Matter Theory University of SouthernDenmark Universidad AutonomadeMadrid Odense M Madrid Denmark Spain LuisMartin-Moreno Theory andSimulationof Materials InstitutodeCienciadeMaterialesdeAragón Zaragoza Spain ISSN 0171-1873 ISSN 2197-4179 (electronic) SpringerSeries inSolid-State Sciences ISBN978-3-319-45819-9 ISBN978-3-319-45820-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45820-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016951692 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Quantumplasmonicsisaveryrapidlydevelopingfieldthatemergedrecentlyatthe border of two fields, both rich in fundamental physics and highly innovative in technology: quantum optics and plasmonics (the latter can also be viewed as nanophotonics of metal structures). Nanophotonics concerns with the interaction of nanostructures with light, therebyaimingatprovidingphotoniccapabilitiesatsmallerlengthscalesandlower energy requirements. But even more importantly, nanophotonics also aims at engineering the light–matter interaction at unprecedented high strengths and/or subwavelength spatial resolutions. The latter usually involves the use of metals as these support surface electromagnetic modes (known as surface plasmons), which are confined to metal surfaces within subwavelength distances. In the last fifteen years, studies in what became known as “plasmonics” have been concentrated on plasmonic circuits (composed of subwavelength-sized waveguides and waveguide components), optical antennas (as efficient transducers between the far- and near- field wave components, squeezing in volume and boosting up in strength local fields), and surface-enhanced spectroscopic techniques (as “surface plasmon reso- nancesensing”and“surface-enhancedRamanspectroscopy”),withimplicationsto diverse fields including photonics, optoelectronics, material science, bio-imaging, medicine, and energy. These research directions continue to flourish but, additionally, plasmonics has now acquired a level of maturity that paves the way toward new venues, notably those involving quantum effects that arise from the interaction between plasmons (understoodasquantaoflocalizedorpropagatingsurfaceplasmonexcitations)and quantum systems characterized by a few discrete energy levels, such as molecules or quantum dots. This interaction opens up many different possibilities. Plasmons can be exchanged between quantum emitters, modifying their effective interaction and thus their physical properties. Alternatively, few-level systems can be used to induce efficient plasmon–plasmon interactions, leading eventually to strong non- linear optical properties at the single-photon level. Additionally, when the inter- action between plasmons and matter is strong enough, the combined system may acquire completely different (to those of the constituents) properties, opening v vi Preface new possibilities for the design of materials with novel functionalities. Another important area of research in quantum plasmonics refers not so much to the quantum features of plasmons, but to the influence of electron tunneling in the optical response of plasmonic nanostructures. This aspect, usually termed as “quantum effects in plasmonics,” has a paramount importance in the properties of metal structures containing nanometer-sized gaps. Afterarapidinitialevolutionofquantumplasmonics[1],itbecameclearin2014 that there is a need for a monographic workshop that would bring together researchers,belongingtodifferentcommunitiesandcoveringvariousaspectsofthis nascent field. In 2015, we undertook this task and launched a workshop in the “CentrodeCiencias”inthebeautifulvillageofBenasque,locatedintheheartofthe SpanishPyrenees.Thesuccessoftheworkshop,beingreflectedbothinthequality ofpresentationsandinthespiritofscientificdiscussions,indicatedtheaptnessand importance of putting together the present state of the art in an easy-to-access manner. The same motivation has also been the origin of this book that, although not being a book of conference proceedings, is a compilation of the research done byseveralofthemore representativegroups attended the2015Benasque meeting. This book addresses the following aspects: (i) Quantum optics in the few-emitter and few-plasmon limit (Chaps. 1–4). (ii) Single-photon sources and nano-lasers based in metal structures (Chaps. 5 and 8). (iii) Polariton condensation and collective strong coupling between organic molecules and nanophotonic structures (Chaps. 6 and 7). (iv) Plasmon-enhancedeffectsinSchottkyandtunneljunctions(Chaps.9and10). (v) Non-local effects in metamaterials and metal nanostructures (Chaps. 11–13). Understanding of quite complicated topics covered by these chapters requires certain knowledge of the fundamentals that can be refreshed by making use of recent introductory textbooks [2–6]. Odense M, Denmark Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi Zaragoza, Spain Luis Martin-Moreno Madrid, Spain Francisco Garcia-Vidal References 1. M.S. Tame, K.R. McEnery, S.K. Özdemir, J. Lee, S.A. Maier, M.S. Kim, Nat. Phys. 9, 329 (2013) 2. M.Fox,QuantumOptics:AnIntroduction(OxfordUniversityPress,2006). 3. S.A.Maier,Plasmonics:FundamentalsandApplications(Springer,NewYork,2007). Preface vii 4. D. Sarid, W. Challener, Modern Introduction to Surface Plasmons: Theory, Mathematica Modeling,andApplications(CambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork,2010). 5. L.Novotny,B.Hecht,PrinciplesofNano-Optics,2ndedn.(CambridgeUniversityPress,New York,2012). 6. M. Pelton, G.W. Bryant, Introduction to Metal-Nanoparticle Plasmonics (Willey, Hoboken, 2013). Contents 1 Input-Output Formalism for Few-Photon Transport ... ..... .... 1 Shanshan Xu and Shanhui Fan 1.1 Introduction . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1 1.2 Hamiltonian and Input-Output Formalism.... .... ..... .... 2 1.3 Quantum Causality Relation.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 5 1.4 Connection to Scattering Theory... .... .... .... ..... .... 8 1.5 Single-Photon Transport. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 10 1.6 Two-Photon Transport .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 12 1.7 Example: A Waveguide Coupled to a Kerr-Nonlinear Cavity... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 14 1.8 Wavefunction Approach. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 16 1.9 Conclusion .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 19 Appendix . .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 20 References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 22 2 Quadrature-Squeezed Light from Emitters in Optical Nanostructures. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 25 Diego Martín-Cano, Harald R. Haakh and Mario Agio 2.1 Introduction . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 25 2.1.1 Quadrature-Squeezed Light ... .... .... ..... .... 27 2.1.2 Detection Schemes.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 27 2.1.3 Squeezed Light sources.. .... .... .... ..... .... 28 2.2 Theoretical Description.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 30 2.2.1 Macroscopic Quantum Electrodynamics . ..... .... 30 2.2.2 The Optical Bloch Equations.. .... .... ..... .... 31 2.2.3 Squeezed Resonance Fluorescence.. .... ..... .... 32 2.3 Quadrature Squeezing Assisted by Nanostructures . ..... .... 33 2.3.1 A Single Emitter Coupled to a Nanostructure .. .... 33 2.3.2 Cooperative Quadrature Squeezing . .... ..... .... 40 2.4 Conclusions and Outlook .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 44 References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 45 ix x Contents 3 Coupling of Quantum Emitters to Plasmonic Nanoguides.... .... 47 Shailesh Kumar and Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi 3.1 Introduction . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 47 3.2 Theory of Coupling an Emitter to a Plasmonic Waveguide ... 48 3.2.1 Modes in Plasmonic Waveguides .. .... ..... .... 49 3.2.2 Theory of Coupling. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 51 3.3 Experimental Demonstrations of Coupling a Quantum Emitter to Plasmonic Nanoguides.. .... .... .... ..... .... 56 3.3.1 Quantum Emitters .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 56 3.3.2 Coupling of Quantum Emitters to Plasmonic Waveguides... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 60 3.4 Conclusion and Outlook. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 68 References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 69 4 Controlled Interaction of Single Nitrogen Vacancy Centers with Surface Plasmons .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 73 Esteban Bermúdez-Ureña, Michael Geiselmann and Romain Quidant 4.1 Introduction . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 73 4.2 Scanning Probe Assembly.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 74 4.2.1 Control of Emission Dynamics Through Plasmon Coupling ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 75 4.2.2 Coupling of NV Centers to Propagating Surface Plasmons..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 78 4.3 Optical Trapping as a Positioning Tool.. .... .... ..... .... 87 4.3.1 Experimental Platform to Optically Trap a Single NV Center. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 88 4.3.2 Surface Plasmon Based Trapping .. .... ..... .... 89 4.4 Conclusions and Outlook .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 93 References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 94 5 Hyperbolic Metamaterials for Single-Photon Sources and Nanolasers.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 97 M.Y.Shalaginov,R.Chandrasekar,S.Bogdanov,Z.Wang,X.Meng, O.A. Makarova, A. Lagutchev, A.V. Kildishev, A. Boltasseva and V.M. Shalaev 5.1 Introduction . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 98 5.2 Fundamentals of Hyperbolic Metamaterials .. .... ..... .... 99 5.3 Enhancement of Single-Photon Emission from Color Centers in Diamond... .... .... .... ..... .... 100 5.3.1 Calculations of NV Emission Enhancement by HMM..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 103 5.3.2 Experimental Demonstration of HMM Enhanced Single-Photon Emission.. .... .... .... ..... .... 104 5.3.3 Increasing Collection Efficiency by Outcoupling High-k Waves to Free Space.. .... .... ..... .... 106
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