Quantum Measurements in Optics PDF
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Quantum Measurements in Optics NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D Behavioral and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Barcelona I Global Environmental Change Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 278—Painlev6 Transcendenst edited by D. Levi and P. Winternitz Volume 279— Fundamental Aspects of Inert Gases in Solids edited by S. E. Donnelly and J. H. Evans Volume 280—Chaos , Order, and Patterns edited by Roberto Artuso, Predrag Cvitanoviö, and Giulio Casati Volume 281—Low-Dimensiona l Structures in Semiconductors: From Basic Physics to Applications edited by A. R. Peaker and H. G. Grimmeiss Volume 282—Quantum Measurements in Optics edited by Paolo Tombesi and Daniel F. Walls Volume 283—Cluster Models for Surface and Bulk Phenomena edited by Gianfranco Pacchioni, Paul S. Bagus, and Fulvio Parmigiani Volume 284—Asymptotics beyond All Orders edited by Harvey Segur, Saleh Tanveer, and Herbert Levine Volume 285— Highlights in Condensed Matter Physics and Future Prospects edited by Leo Esaki Series B: Physics Quantum Measurements in Optics Edited by Paolo Tombesi University of Camerino Camerino, Italy and Daniel F. Walls University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Quantum Measurements in Optics, held January 21-25, 1991, in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy Library of Congress Catalogtng-in-Publteat ion Data Quantum measurements in optics / edited by Paolo Tombesi and Daniel F. Walls. p. cm. — (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics ; v. 282) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Quantum Measurements in Optics, held January 21-25, 1991, in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy"—T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-6495-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-3386-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3386-3 1. Quantum optics—Measurement—Congresses. 2. Quantum electronics—Congresses. I. Tombesi, P. (Paolo) II. Walls, D. F. III. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Quantum Measurements in Optics (1991 : Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy) IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. V. Series. QC446.15.Q33 1992 535—dc20 91-43646 CIP ISBN 978-1-4613-6495-5 © 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher ORGANIZING COMMITTEE P. Tombesi University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy D.F. Walls University of Auckland, New Zealand E. Giacobino Lab.Spectr. Hertzienne de l'ENS, France P. Meystre University of Arizona, USA. R.E. Slusher AT & T Bell Lab., USA INVITED SPEAKERS I. Abram Centre Nationale d'Etudes des Telecommunications, France L.Accardi Centro Matematico "V.Volterra", Universita Roma II, Italy R.J.Brecha Sektion Physik, Universitat Miinchen, Germany M.Brune Lab. Spectroscopie Hertzienne de l'ENS, France R.K.Bullough The University of Manchester, U.K. F.De Martini University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy P.D.Drummond University of Queensland, Australia C.Fabre Lab. Spectroscopie Hertzienne de l'ENS, France K.M.Gheri University of Auckland, New Zealand E.Giacobino Lab. Spectroscopie Hertzienne de l'ENS, France RJ.Glauber Harvard University, U.S.A. P.Grangier Institut d'Optique, France F.Haake Universitat Essen, Germany N.lmoto University of Essex, U.K. P.Knight Imperial College of Science, U.K. L.A.Lugiato Universita di Milano, Italy V.I.Man'ko Lebedev Institute of Physics, USSR M.B.Mensky Lebedev Institute of Physics, USSR J.Mlynek University of Konstanz, Germany E.R.Pike King's College London, U.K. J.G.Rarity Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, u.K. v W.Schempp Universitat Siegen, Germany W.P.Schleich Max-Planck Institut fur Quantenoptik, Germany M.Scully Max-Planck Institut fur Quantenoptik, Germany S.Stenholm University of Helsinki, Finland P.Tombesi University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy E. Yablonovitch Bellcore Lab., USA Y.Yamamoto Basic Research Lab., NIT, Japan A.Zeilinger Atorninstitut, Austria P.Zoller Universitat Innsbruck, Austria VI PREFACE The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Quantum Measurements in Optics was held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, January 21-25, 1991. This workshop was attended by 70 participants from 16 different countries. The subjects discussed at this workshop concentrated on quantum measurements in optics made possible by the recent advances in the generation and detection of light with low quantum noise. These advances have occurred simultaneously with the development of atomic traps capable of trapping a single atom for a considerable period of time. The interaction of a single two level atom with the single mode of the electromagnetic field is now possible in high Q microcavities. A new field of cavity QED has developed studying the properties of Rydberg atoms in microwave cavities. At this meeting we heard the first report of an atomic interferometer where a single atom passing through the two slits exhibits wave like interference phenomena. This new field involving the transfer of momentum from photons to atoms has lead to new possibilities for quantum nondemolition measurements on an optical field. We heard suggestions for such measurements at this meeting. With the new light sources available the possibility of using low quantum noise light in optical communications becomes close to reality. The problem of the propagation of quantum light field in optical fibres was actively discussed at this meeting. New results in the development of low noise light sources were reported particularly in the area of twin beam generation where the detection of one beam enables one to accurately deduce the noise properties of its twin. Such twin photon generation has also been used in intensity interference experiments which demonstrate the nonlocality of the photon field via a violation of Bell's inequalities. The workshop successfully covered a wide range of topics in quantum measurements in optics from fundamental problems in quantum mechanics to applications in optical technology. The special flavour of the meeting was due to the beautiful environment in which it was held. Its success owed much to the cooperation and assistance we received from Mrs. Flavia Bertozi, the hotelier who generously allowed the evening sessions to be held in the very comfortable Hotel Ancora and provided us with such splendid meals and convivial atmosphere. We also wish to thank the Consiglio di Istituto of the Istituto d'Arte of Cortina, in particular the Dean Prof. Emilio Bassanin, who provided the venue for the lectures. We are also grateful to the local Consorzio per 10 Sviluppo e il Turismo for their assistance in many ways. Finally we wish to thank our sponsors NATO, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare without whose generous support the workshop could never have been held. vii We have had full collaboration from Plenum Press in the publication of this volume, and the success of the meeting and the not inconsiderable work before and afterwards owes much to our uncomplaining secretaries Angela Di Silvestro and Marcella Mastrofini. Paolo Tombesi Daniel F. Walls June 1991 VIII CONTENTS I. ATOMIC INFERFEROMETRY AND TRAPPING Quantum Theory of Particle Trapping by Oscillating Fields 3 R.J.Glauber Quantum Measurements on Localized Particles 15 S.Stenholm Interferometry with Metastable Rare Gas Atoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 T.Sleator, O.Carnal, A.Faulstich and J.Mlynek Quantum Measurements in Atomic Interferometry ...................... 41 M.A.M.Marte, P.Zoller, M.J.Holland, R.Graham and D.F.Walls An Atomic-Beam Quantum-Eraser Gedanken Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 B.-G.Englert, H.Fearn, M.O.Scully and H.Walther II. QUANTUM MEASUREMENTS Quantum Mechanical Watch-Dog Effect and Measurement-Induced State Reduction in a Semiconductor Laser ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Y.Yamamoto, W.H.Richardson and S.Machida Quantum Non-Demolition Measurement of an Optical Intensity in a Three-Level Atomic Non-Linear System .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 P.Grangier, J.-F.Roch and G.Roger The Quantum Measurement Process and the One-Atom Maser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 RJ.Brecha and H.Walther Phase-Sensitive Back-Action on a Microscopic System 105 V.Bagini, P.Lemer and P.Tombesi Novel Effects in Quantum Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 K.M.Gheri and D.F.Walls Cavity Q.E.D.: Fundamental Theory of the Micromaser and Measurements of Its Cavity Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129 R.K.Bullough, N.M.Bogoliubov, N.Nayak and B.V.Thompson IX The Action Uncertainty Principle for Continuous Quantum Measurements. . . . . . . 151 M.B.Mensky Cavity QED and Classical Antenna Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 J.P.Dowling Macroscopic Distinguishable States of Mechanical Oscillators Generated by Quantum Nondemolition Measurements ........................ 173 R.Onofrio III. QUANTUM NOISE REDUCTION AND SQUEEZING Progress and Perspectives in Squeezing ..................... . . . . . . . . 183 E.Giacobino, T.Debuisschert, J.Mertz, L.Hilico, A.Heidmann, S.Reynaud and C.Fabre Quantum Noise Reduction and Instabilities in Nondegenerate Four-Wave-Mixing. . 193 M.Brambilla, F.Castelli, L.A.Lugiato, F.Prati and G.Strini Semi-Classical Input-Output Linearization Techniques for Quantum Fluctuations and Beyond ........................................... 211 C.Fabre, J.-M.Courty, E.Giacobino, A.Heidmann, L.Hilico, P.Mandel, ' N.Pettiaux and S.Reynaud Quantum Superpositions: Squeezing and Dissipations .................... 221 A.Vidiella Barranco, V.Buzek, P.L.Knight and W.K.Lai Time-Dependent Invariants and Nonclassical Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 V.I.Man'ko A Unified Approach to the Quantum Master and Langevin Equations '. . . . . . . . . . 247 L.Accardi and Y.G.Lu Rate Equation Approach to Squeezing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 S.Smart and S.Swain Quantum Noise Reduction in Lasers by Dynamic Pump Noise Suppression. . . . . . 271 H.Ritsch and P.Zoller IV. OPTICAL PROPAGATION, COMMUNICATION AND IMAGING Wideband Quantum Communication: A New Frontier? .................... 279 P.D.Drummond and C.M.Caves Quantum Mechanical Treatment of a Propagating Optical Beam ............. " 295 N.Imoto, J.RJeffers and R.Loudon Direct Space Quantum Optics: Light Propagation in a Nonlinear Medium 313 I.Abram and E.Cohen Quantum Holography, Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging and 323 Computed Tomographic Imaging W.Schempp Photonic Band Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 345 E.Yablonovitch x
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