Quantum Interaction: 6th International Symposium, QI 2012, Paris, France, June 27-29, 2012, Revised Selected Papers PDF
Preview Quantum Interaction: 6th International Symposium, QI 2012, Paris, France, June 27-29, 2012, Revised Selected Papers
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7620 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA AlfredKobsa UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen TUDortmundUniversity,Germany MadhuSudan MicrosoftResearch,Cambridge,MA,USA DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA GerhardWeikum MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbruecken,Germany Jerome R. Busemeyer François Dubois Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky Massimo Melucci (Eds.) Quantum Interaction 6th International Symposium, QI 2012 Paris, France, June 27-29, 2012 Revised Selected Papers 1 3 VolumeEditors JeromeR.Busemeyer IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN47405,USA E-mail:[email protected] FrançoisDubois ConservatoireNationaldesArtsetMétiers,75003Paris,France E-mail:[email protected] ArianeLambert-Mogiliansky ParisSchoolofEconomics,75014Paris,France E-mail:[email protected] MassimoMelucci UniversityofPadua,35131Padua,Italy E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-642-35658-2 e-ISBN978-3-642-35659-9 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-35659-9 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012953929 CRSubjectClassification(1998):F.1.1-3,F.2.1-2,I.6.3-5,I.2.4,I.2.8,F.4.1,J.2 LNCSSublibrary:SL1–TheoreticalComputerScienceandGeneralIssues ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Quantum interaction (QI) is an emerging field which applies quantum theory (QT) to domains such as economics, organizations and social interaction, psy- chology,artificialintelligence,human language,cognition,informationretrieval, biology, and political science. The application areas addressed typically oper- ate at a macroscopic scale and could not be considered quantum in a quantum mechanical sense, they may share many key properties with quantum systems including: non-commutativity of measurement, indeterminacy, non-separability, contextuality, and harmonic oscillations. After highly successful previous meetings (QI 2007 at Stanford, QI 2008 at Oxford, QI 2009 in Saarbruecken, QI 2010 in Washington DC, and QI 2011 in Aberdeen),the6thInternationalSymposiumonQuantumInteractiontookplace during June 27–29, 2012, in Paris, France. QI 2012received32 submissions.All contributions were reviewedby at least two reviewers. In total, 23 papers were accepted for presentation at the confer- ence.Twokeynotespeakerswerefeatured.MichelBitbol(DepartmentofEpiste- mology,E´colePolytechniqueParis)gaveapresentationon“QuantumTheoryin theLightofaRelationalConceptionofKnowledge.”PhilippeGrangier(Depart- ment of Physics,E´cole Polytechnique Paris)gave a talk on “Quantum Informa- tion: From Fundamental Ideas to Experimental Implementations.” The sympo- siumhostedthree tutorials:“ConceptualSpaces”givenby PeterBruza,“Quan- tumIndeterminacyinSocialSciences:FromaTheoryofKnowledgetoaTheory of Decision-Making and Behavior” given by Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky, and “Quantum Search” given by Dominic Widdows. These proceedings include the 21 accepted papers that were presented and revisedbasedonthe reviewers’commentsandthe discussionatthe symposium. We would like to take the opportunity to thank everybody who made this symposiumpossible:theSteeringCommittee,theProgramCommitteemembers fortheirreviewingjob,theProceedingsandthePublicityChairs,thoseresponsi- ble for the website design and management, and all the conference participants and presenters. We are grateful for the support given by the Paris School of Economics and the Conservatoire National des Arts et M´etiers. September 2012 Jerome R. Busemeyer Franc¸ois Dubois Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky Massimo Melucci1 1 TheworkofMassimoMelucciintheseproceedingshasreceivedfundingfromtheEU SeventhFrameworkProgramme(FP7/2007-2013)undergrantagreementn◦247590. Organization Steering Committee Peter Bruza QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Australia William F. Lawless Paine College, USA Donald A. Sofge Naval Research Laboratory,USA Keith van Rijsbergen University of Glasgow, UK Dominic Widdows Microsoft Bing, USA General Chairs Franc¸ois Dubois Conservatoire National des Arts et M´etiers, France Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky Paris School of Economics, France Program Committee Chairs Jerome R. Busemeyer Indiana University, USA Massimo Melucci University of Padua, Italy Program Committee Diederik Aerts Free University of Brussels, Belgium Sven Aerts Free University of Brussels, Belgium Sachi Arafat University of Glasgow, UK Harald Atmanspacher Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health (IGPP), Germany Peter Bruza QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Australia Jerome R. Busemeyer Indiana University, USA Bob Coecke Oxford University, UK Trevor Cohen University of Texas, USA Riccardo Franco Politecnico di Torino, Italy Emmanuel Haven University of Leicester, UK Andrei Khrennikov Linnaeus University, Sweden Kirsty Kitto QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Australia Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky Paris School of Economics, France William F. Lawless Paine College, USA Massimo Melucci University of Padua, Italy Jian-Yun Nie Universit´e de Montr´eal,Canada Dusko Pavlovic Royal Holloway, University of London, UK VIII Organization Emmanuel M. Pothos Swansea University, UK Donald A. Sofge Naval Research Laboratory,USA Dawei Song The Open University, UK Keith van Rijsbergen University of Glasgow, UK Salvador E. Venegas-Andraca Tecnolo´gico de Monterrey, Mexico Giuseppe Vitiello University of Salerno, Italy Dominic Widdows Microsoft Bing, USA Vyacheslav Yukalov Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia Publicity Chair Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio University of Padua, Italy Proceedings Chair Emanuele Di Buccio University of Padua, Italy Website Aneesha Bakharia QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Australia Table of Contents The Quantum Inspired Modelling of Changing Attitudes and Self-organising Societies........................................... 1 Kirsty Kitto, Fabio Boschetti, and Peter Bruza On Least Action Principles for Discrete Quantum Scales .............. 13 Franc¸ois Dubois, Isabelle Greff, and Thomas H´elie Real, Complex, and Binary Semantic Vectors........................ 24 Dominic Widdows and Trevor Cohen The Guppy Effect as Interference .................................. 36 Diederik Aerts, Jan Broekaert, Liane Gabora, and Tomas Veloz A Quantum Model for the Ellsberg and Machina Paradoxes ........... 48 Diederik Aerts, Sandro Sozzo, and Jocelyn Tapia A Quantum-Like Model of Escherichia coli’s Metabolism Based on Adaptive Dynamics............................................ 60 Masanari Asano, Irina Basieva, Andrei Khrennikov, Masanori Ohya, Yoshiharu Tanaka, and Ichiro Yamato Fractals, Dissipation and Coherent States ........................... 68 Giuseppe Vitiello Hierarchical Bayesian Estimation of Quantum Decision Model Parameters...................................................... 80 Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, and Jennifer S. Trueblood Many Paths Lead to Discovery: Analogical Retrieval of Cancer Therapies ....................................................... 90 Trevor Cohen, Dominic Widdows, Lance De Vine, Roger Schvaneveldt, and Thomas C. Rindflesch Emergence and Instability of Individual Identity ..................... 102 Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky and Jerome R. Busemeyer Entanglement of Conceptual Entities in Quantum Model Theory (QMod) ........................................................ 114 Diederik Aerts and Sandro Sozzo Quantum Model Theory (QMod): Modeling Contextual Emergent Entangled Interfering Entities ..................................... 126 Diederik Aerts and Sandro Sozzo X Table of Contents Quantum-Like Representation of Irrational Inference ................. 138 Masanari Asano, Irina Basieva, Andrei Khrennikov, Masanori Ohya, and Yoshiharu Tanaka Type Indeterminacy in Privacy Decisions: The Privacy Paradox Revisited ....................................................... 148 Christian Flender and Gu¨nter Mu¨ller Adaptive Dynamics andIts Applicationto ContextDependent Systems Breaking the Classical Probability Law ............................. 160 Masanari Asano, Irina Basieva, Andrei Khrennikov, Masanori Ohya, Yoshiharu Tanaka, and Ichiro Yamato Modelling Word Activation in Semantic Networks: Three Scaled Entanglement Models Compared................................... 172 David Galea, Peter Bruza, Kirsty Kitto, and Douglas Nelson Quantum Entanglement and the Issue of Selective Influences in Psychology:An Overview....................................... 184 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov and Janne V. Kujala Quantum-Like Behavior of Classical Systems ........................ 196 Thomas Filk Connecting the Dots: Mass, Energy, Word Meaning, and Particle-Wave Duality ......................................................... 207 S´andor Dar´anyi and Peter Wittek Indiscernability and Mean Field, a Base of Quantum Interaction ....... 218 Michel Gondran and S´ebastien Lepaul Social-Psychological Harmonic Oscillators in the Self-regulation of Organizations and Systems ..................................... 227 William F. Lawless and Donald A. Sofge Author Index.................................................. 239 The Quantum Inspired Modelling of Changing Attitudes and Self-organising Societies Kirsty Kitto1, Fabio Boschetti2,3, and Peter Bruza1 1 Information SystemsSchool, Queensland University of Technology {kirsty.kitto,p.bruza}@qut.edu.au 2 Marine Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 3 School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, The Universityof Western Australia [email protected] Abstract. Weutilisethequantumdecisionmodels,nowwell-developed in the QI community, to create a higher order social decision making model. A simple Agent Based Model (ABM) of a society of agents with changingattitudestowardsasocial issueispresented,wheretheprivate attitudes of individuals in the system are represented using a geometric structure inspired by quantum theory. We track the changing attitudes ofthemembersofthatsociety,andtheirresultingpropensitiestoact,or not, in a given social context. A number of new issues surrounding this “scaling up” of quantum decision theories are discussed, as well as new directions and opportunities. Keywords: Attitudes,QuantumDecisionTheory,Context,Information Minimisation, Self-organisation. 1 Introduction The quantum inspired modelling of human decision making has become quite advanced in recent years [1,2,3,4], and could now be regarded as a relatively mature field in the Quantum Interaction (QI) community. In this paper we proposethatthesetheoriescanbe ‘scaledup’ intotherealmofsocialmodelling. In particular, we will show that the notion of an attitude as it arises in Social Psychology[5]providesanaturalcandidateforaquantumstate,andintroducea simpleextensiontothe quantumapproachwhichconsidersthemannerinwhich the attitudes of a society of decision making agents will be influenced by two broad factors: each agent’s natural internal disposition; and the social context in which they are embedded (i.e. the other agents in the system). When considering social systems, the notion of an attitude is a key, indis- pensableconcept[6]. Attitudes driveanindividual’s overallevaluationofpeople (including themselves), objects and issues [7], and so play a critical role in the choices people make regarding their own health and security as well as those of their families, friends, and nations. From purchase decisions provoked by liking for a product to wars spurned by ethnic prejudices, J.R.Busemeyeretal.(Eds.):QI2012,LNCS7620,pp.1–12,2012. (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 2 K. Kitto, F. Boschetti, and P. Bruza attitudes help to determine a wide variety of potentially consequential outcomes. [7] However, this very potentiality of attitudes makes them extremely difficult to model.Howwillagivenpersonthinkabout‘globalwarming’vs‘climatechange’? What if their daughter has just had her house flooded? Or if they are about to make a very large tax payment that includes a carbon component? People’s attitudesarenotstaticimmutableobjects,butchangeinresponsetopersuasion [8], and the demands of cognitive consistency [9]. We often express different attitudes and opinions in accordance with the social scenario we find ourselves in [10,11], and it is frequently the case that an explicitly expressed attitude is quite different from an internally held one [12]. Twomodelsofattitudechangearoseinthe1970’s;theElaborationLikelihood Model(ELM)[13];andtheHeuristic-SystematicModel(HSM)[14].Bothutilise a dual-process approach that takes a form of mental effort as its key switch- ing variable. Where individuals are motivated to pay attention to a message, or havethe cognitivecapacitiestoconsideritcarefully,anattitude changerequires relatively high amounts of mental effort. In these high elaboration processes, people’s attitudes will be determined by an effortful examination of all relevant information, and so changing them will expend high amounts of cognitive en- ergy. In contrast, other processes of persuasion require relatively little mental effort on the part of the persuadee, resulting in attitudes that are determined by factors like emotions, ‘gut feeling’, liking, and reference to authority. Sim- ilar amounts of attitude change can be produced via either process, however, the changes induced by the high mental effort processes are postulated to be more persistent, resistant to counter-persuasion, and predictive of behaviour, thanloweffortattitudechanges.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoprocesseshas a number of implications for public policy. In an era of high-frequency press reporting periods (i.e. the 24 hour news cycle) we have entered a climate where low effort attitudes appear to predominate [15,16], and the transitional nature of this process could be seen to result in the apparent increase in undecided or swinging voters in the modern age. However, few mathematically oriented or computationally implementable models of these low effort processes exist, and those thatdo tend to makeunrealistic commitments to the ontologicalstatus of attitudes, implying that these are held in some objective sense and always have awelldefinedvalue[17].We considerthis unlikelytobethe case;peopletendto formtheir loweffortattitudes ‘onthe fly’, frequently changingtheminresponse to the social context in which they are currently embedded. We have recently proposed [18] that the very contextuality of the low effort processes makes them prime candidates for a quantum inspired model. This paperwillsummarisethatmodelinsection2beforemovingontoaconsideration in section 3 of the implications that this model has for the QI community. We will emphasise our model’s divergence from the more direct application of the quantum formalismthat tends to be utilised by QI members, drawingattention to it’s novel time evolution paradigm.
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