Quantum Dots for Plant Systems

205 Pages·2022·10.709 MB·English

by  Abdul Majid, Humaira Arshad, Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan

Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences
Abdul Majid
Humaira Arshad
Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan
Quantum
Dots
for Plant
Systems
Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences
Series Editor
Ram Prasad, Department of Botany
Mahatma Gandhi Central University
Motihari, Bihar, India
Nano and biotechnology are two of the 21st century’s most promising technologies.
Nanotechnology is demarcated as the design, development, and application of
materials and devices whose least functional make up is on a nanometer scale (1 to
100 nm). Meanwhile, biotechnology deals with metabolic and other physiological
developments of biological subjects including microorganisms. These microbial
processes have opened up new opportunities to explore novel applications, for
example, the biosynthesis of metal nanomaterials, with the implication that these
two technologies (i.e., thus nanobiotechnology) can play a vital role in developing
and executing many valuable tools in the study of life. Nanotechnology is very
diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new
approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials
with dimensions on the nanoscale, to investigating whether we can directly control
matters on/in the atomic scale level. This idea entails its application to diverse fields
of science such as plant biology, organic chemistry, agriculture, the food industry,
and more.
Nanobiotechnology offers a wide range of uses in medicine, agriculture, and the
environment. Many diseases that do not have cures today may be cured by
nanotechnology in the future. Use of nanotechnology in medical therapeutics needs
adequate evaluation of its risk and safety factors. Scientists who are against the use
of nanotechnology also agree that advancement in nanotechnology should continue
because this field promises great benefits, but testing should be carried out to ensure
its safety in people. It is possible that nanomedicine in the future will play a crucial
role in the treatment of human and plant diseases, and also in the enhancement of
normal human physiology and plant systems, respectively. If everything proceeds as
expected, nanobiotechnology will, one day, become an inevitable part of our
everyday life and will help save many lives.
Abdul Majid • Humaira Arshad
Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan
Quantum Dots for
Plant Systems
Abdul Majid Humaira Arshad
Department of Physics Department of Physics
University of Gujrat University of Gujrat
Gujrat, Pakistan Gujrat, Pakistan
Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan
Deptartment of Biochemistry
and Biotechnology
University of Gujrat
Gujrat, Pakistan
ISSN 2523-8027 ISSN 2523-8035 (electronic)
Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences
ISBN 978-3-031-10215-8 ISBN 978-3-031-10216-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10216-5
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
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Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Silent Feature of Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Challenges for Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Use of Nanomaterials in Plant Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Basic Theme and Overview of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.1 Surface Structure of Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 Shell/Multi Shell Structure of Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Properties of Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 Quantum Confinement Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.2 Band Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.3 Luminescence Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Synthesis Methods of Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1 Top-Down Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.2 Bottom-Up Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5 Applications of Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.1 Quantum Dots for LEDs and Display Applications . . . . . 34
2.5.2 Photo-Conductors and Photo-Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5.3 Environmental and Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5.4 Photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5.5 Catalysis and Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 Graphene Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.1 Utilization of Graphene QDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2 Characteristics of Graphene QDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
v
vi Contents
3.2.1 Physical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.2 Electronic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.3 Photoluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 Functionalization of Graphene QDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.1 Controlling Shape and Size of Graphene QDs . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.2 Formation of Graphene QDs Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.3 Doping in Graphene QDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.4 Applications of Graphene QDs in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4.1 Graphene QDs for Plant Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4.2 Graphene QDs for Plant Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4 Carbon Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of CQDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.2.1 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.2.2 Photoluminescence of CQDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.2.3 Fluorescence of CQDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.4 Absorbance in CQDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.5 Surface Passivation and Doping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.6 Electroluminescence of CQDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.3 Functionalization of CQDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.4 Applications of CQDs in Plant Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.4.1 CQDs for Take-Up, Translocation, and Accumulation
in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4.2 CQDs for Photosynthesis in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4.3 CQDs for Nutrition Assimilation in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4.4 CQDs for Plant Growth and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.4.5 CQDs for Antibacterial Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5 Transport Mechanism from Quantum Dots to Plant Systems . . . . . . 103
5.1 Interactions of QDs with Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.1.1 Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.1.2 Size Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.1.3 Disaggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.1.4 Surface Blocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2 Mechanism of Studding QDs in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2.1 Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.2 Straining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.3 Transportation of QDs from Soil to Plant Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3.1 Endocytosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.3.2 Pore Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.3 Carrier Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.4 Ion Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.5 Plasmodesmata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Contents vii
5.4 Transport Mechanism of QDs Within Plant Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.4.1 Apoplastic Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.4.2 Symplastic Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.5 Transport Mechanism of QDs from Roots to Shoots . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.6 Transport Mechanism of QDs Within Plant Shoots . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.7 Absorption of QDs Through Arial Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.7.1 Lipophilic Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.7.2 Hydrophilic Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.7.3 Trichome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.7.4 Lenticels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.7.5 Stomatal Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.8 Comparison of QDs with Conventional Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.8.1 Conventional/Biofertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.8.2 Production of Biofertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.8.3 Mechanisms of Biofertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.8.4 The Fate and Practice of Organic Fertilizers
in Agricultural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.9 Nanofertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.9.1 Macronutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.9.2 Micronutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6 QDs for Sensing of Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.1 Biological Sensing Materials of QD-Based Biosensors . . . . . . . . . 138
6.2 Sensing Mechanism of QD Based Biosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.2.1 QD-Based Electrochemical Biosensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.2.2 QDs Based Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Biosensors . . . . 139
6.2.3 Water-Soluble CdTe-QDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2.4 QD Based Optical Biosensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2.5 QDs Based Enzyme-Coupled Biosensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2.6 QDs Based Electrochemiluminescence Sensors . . . . . . . . 141
6.2.7 Quantum Dot-Based Fluorescent Biosensors . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.3 QDs Based Sensing for Plant Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.3.1 QDs Based Biosensors for Bacterial Detection . . . . . . . . . 143
6.3.2 ZnS: Mn+2 QDs to Detect Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.3.3 Gram-Negative Bacteria and CdTe QDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.3.4 QDs Based Biosensing of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) . . . . 145
6.3.5 Detection of “Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Listeria
monocytogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.4 QDs Based Sensing for Plant Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.4.1 Cadmium-Telluride QDs (CdTe-QDs) to Detect
Plasmodiophoromycete Polymyxa betae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.4.2 Cy5-Labeled QDs to Detect Ganoderma boninense . . . . . 148
viii Contents
6.5 QDs Based Biosensors for Plant Virus Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.5.1 Detection of Plant Viruses Using Biosensors . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.5.2 Lateral Flow Immuno Assay (LFIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7 QDs, Plant Diseases and Potential Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.1 Nanofertilizer Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.2 Integrated Pest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.2.1 Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.2.2 Pesticide Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.3 Nanopesticides Against Plant Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.3.1 Fungal Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.3.2 Bacterial Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.3.3 Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.3.4 Nano-Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.3.5 Nano-Insecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.3.6 Plant Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.4 RNA Based Nanopesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.4.1 Procedure for Nanoparticle-Mediated dsRNA/siRNA
Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.4.2 Encapsulation or Binding by Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.4.3 Uptake at Cellular Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.4.4 Endosomal Escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.4.5 Nucleic Acid Release or Separation
from Nanocomplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.5 QDs – A Potential Threat to Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.5.1 Genetics and Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.5.2 Antioxidant Activity of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.5.3 Development and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.5.4 Toxicity of QDs on Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Abbreviations
A
TBAP Acetonitrile tetrabutylammonium perchlorate
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ApCP Albizia procera
NH Ammonia
3
ASPV Apple stem pitting virus
AM Armchair
AO Atomic orbitals
AM Atrazine-mercapturate
B
BSMV Barley stripe mosaic virus
BiWO Bismuth tungstate
2 6
B Boron
k Boltzmann’s constant
BSA Bovine serum albumin
BTCs Breakthrough curves
C
CN Carbon nitride
3 4
Cd2+ Cadmium ions
CdO Cadmium oxide
CdSe Cadmium selenide
ix