Pure Anarchism in Interwar Japan M

124 Pages·2011·9.49 MB·English

Hatta and
Shftze)
Alm by John Crump
PurAen archism
NON·MARKET SOCIAUSMI NT HE NINETEENTHA ND in
TWENTIETHC ENTURJES( ediwtietMdhax imilRiI.lkml)
STATEC APITALISTMh:e W agesS ysteumn deNre w InteJraawna r
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Managemen(tc o-autwhiOT�tdAh d am Buick)
THE ORlGINSO F SOCIALISTTH OUGHT INJ APAN
JohCnru mp
ISO.h YEAR
M
St. Martin'Psr ess
C>JohnC ""np1 993
Thisb ooki sd edicatteodD ereka ndM arjorie
Allri ghts rese,N,,oe rcelp.r oductcioopnyo, r t n.s..m.i Mioonf
Crumpw,h ot aughmte thanto t hingasr em ore
thipsu blic:umiaoynbe made: w,thowurti tlpeenn niMion.
No paragraopfhI IlpiUsb licatmiaoyben reproducceodp,i eodr importatnhta nm utuallo ves,o cijauls tiacned,
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decenciynh umanr elations
thep rO\'isoirot nhseC op)'rigDhets.i gannsd P alCntAsc t 1988,
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HanaS h\iraon dp urea narchiisnmi nlerwarJa/Jp aonh ne n.,mp.
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ISBN0 -312-10631-9
I.An archism-:lapan-Hi2s.IH Oarlyl.aS h,i iz1Q8,8 &-1934.
I.T ille.
HX91i.C781 993
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CIP
Contents
Acknowledgements
ox
Introducttill£Io mnp:o rtojaP nucerAe n ahricsm
X>
Mapo fPr incijpaapla nIeSs/aTleds
xix
1 Anarchist Communism 1
2 JapanesAen archistmo1 923 21
KotokSuh usuain dA narchism 21
HighT reasoann di tasf termath 30
TheE ndo ft he' WintPeerr iod' 35
3 HattaS hiizo:C hristiPaans totro A narchiMsitl itan4t5
Origiannsd E ducation 46
ProvinciCalle rgyman 50
AnarchiPsrotp agandist 56
TheoreticoifPa unr eA narchism 60
Declianned D eath 64
,
4 Organisational ConfrontatPiuorne:A narchists
versw;S yndical1i9s2t6s -31 69
Kokuren 69
ZenkokJui ren 75
ZenkokJui renS'esc onCdo nference 83
Kokureann dZ enkokJuie rn aftetrh es plit 87
TheA narchiSsytn dicalists 95
5 Critiuqe oft heO ldW orld 101
Syndicalism 101
TheD ivisioofLn a bour 104
TheC lasSst ruggle III
Physiocr(jaucny iishugi) 118
Sketcho Hfa ttSah[u. O fly MochiKei ;"uki
Science 123
Marxism 128
vii
viii Contents
6 Hopef ora NewW orld 137 Acknowlgeedments
SociPahly siology 138
Decentralisation 141
AbolishtihnegD ivisioofLan b oura nd
Writintghi bso okh asi nvolvae gdr eadte aol fp ainstaking
Exploitation 146
worka ndm osto fm y 'spatriem ed'u rintgh ep asfitv ey ears.
TakinCgo nsumptiaosnt heB asis 151
Whath asm adei tw orthwhiilnae d,d ititootn h ef ascination
A Worldt oW in 154
oft hes ubjeacrte,t hem anyfi nep eoplweh oh aveh elped
ande ncouragmeed d urintgh osyee arTsh.e m ainfi eldwork
7 Repressio1n9,3 1-6 159
fort heb ookw asc arriOelldld .u rin1g9 90w,he na fellowship
ZenkokJui reanf te1r9 31 160
fromt heJ apanF oundatieonna blemde tos pendt hree
NosonS eineSnh a( FarmiVnigl lages
monthast K eioU niversiinTt oyk yoI.c hosteo b eb aseadt
YoutAhs sociation) 172
Keiboe cautshee f oremoasutt horointJ ya paneasnea rchism,
NihonM useifKuy osan(tAon archCiosmtm unist
KomatsRuy iljii,sa professtohre reH.i se ncouragement,
P<\rtoyfJ apan) 180
interaensdtu nparallkenloewdl edogfet hes ubjeecntr iched
my time! nJ apane normousIla yl.s ion currceo�n siderable
8 PureAn archisman: Assessment 189
debttsoO shimEai zabuarnod M iharYOak o.O shima-shaans
spenat s malflo rtuinnefi nancinKgo kushokSue nsensha's
Noles 205
SekcBti ibolgrpahy 217 (theB lacBka ttlefCroomnpta nyr)e publicaotifon nu mer­
Index ouso,t herwiusneo btainaabnlaer,c htiesxtt Ass. o neo ft he
221
fews urvivainnagr chiosftt hse i nterwaerr ah,e a lspor ovides
ani nspirliinngwk i tthh ep astI.g ratefauclklnyo wletdhgee
factth amtu cho ft her esearmcaht eriJao lb tainfreodm him
was priceliensb so ths enseosft hew ordD.i scussiwointsh
Mihara-aslawna eynsl ivenmeyd v isittoKs y otaon ds tudoyf
her informative ownr aintianrgcsh iisnmi nterwar Japan
providmeed witmhu chf oodf ort houghIta .m particularly
gratetfuolh erf ore fficienatnlsyw erisnegv erraelq uesftosr
factucalla rificaafttie1or nr eturnteodE ngland. Another
persownh oskei ndneIsw si stho a cknowleidsgMe o chizuki
Akiyoswhhio,p ermittmeed t oi ncluidnet hibso oka sketch
ofH attSah iizow hicwha sd rawnb yh isf athetrh,ef amous
anarchairstti st MocKheiiz.u ki
InE uropmey thankasr em ainldyu et of rienadnsd c om­
rades whose iinnmt ye rreesseta recnhc ouragmeed t ob e­
lieveev,e nw hent he gowiansgt ought,h atth ep rojewcats
worthwhiIcl aen.n omte ntiotnh ema lbly n ameb,u ti tw ould
bec hurlitsooh m itt hef ollowfionugr A.d amB uicikn L on­
dona ndP eteNri cholsionYn o rkw ere kiennodu gtho c om-
ix
x Acknowledgtmenls
menotn e arclhya ptoefmr sym anuscrIiam pgtr.a teffourl Introducttihoen :
theuisre faunldi nformcerdi ticAilsamiPsne. n gaimnP aris
reatdh ee ntimraen uscrainpdtt h uIsb enefitferdo hmi s ImportanocfeP ure
deraiklneodw leodfag nea rcchoimsmtu niMsamr.Sk h ipway
inL eedasl sroe atdh een timraen uscarnidph tim sa nhye lp­
Anarchism
fuclo mmenwtesr uen failmientigcluyl ionut sh eaitrt ention
tod etaainldt heciorm munciosntt eInam t .p leasteobd e
ablteo u set hiosp portutnopi atyyt ribtuotM ea rka sa n
exemplfraireyn d caonmdr ade. 'Puarnea rchwasi stmh'de o minacnutr rewnitt hJianp anese
Lastb,u nto lte acsotm,et h teh rweoem einn m yl ifWei.t h anarchdiusrmi tnhgie n terwayre arhssa .d herewnetrsae n ­
goohdu mouErm.i lMyi dorikCarwuam apn dE riMciad ori­ archciosmtm uniwshtows i shteord iadn archoifts hm'e i m­
kawa Crpuumtup p w itthh efiart her's esnttrhuasnigaes ms puriotfys 'y ndicaIltmi isgmh.wt e lble a skewdh:yw riat e
forv isitoibnsgc ubroeo kshofposrp, a yirnegs peacttt h e boookn t hespeu raen archAifsttsale?rl d ,i dt henyo tu lti­
gravoeffs a llreenv olutioannadfr oiirne ts,e rminable discus­mateflayii lnt heaitrt emtpoet s tabalnia snha rchciosmt­
sioonnst hme inutoifaa en arcchoimsmtu niTshme.i orn ly munissotc iaentday r teh enyo lta rgfeolryg otttoednae yv en
resistaastn hceteyr aipbseehdi mneda crotshsle e ngatnhd withJianp anB?e sidweassi, tn otS paiwnh eraen archism's
breadotfahv erdyi fferenftrJoatmph aawnth icfhe atuirne s life-ands-tdreuagwtgahlsf e o ugihntt he1 930Wsh?y t,h en,
�li
theg losbsryo chuwraests o r enamHea ttSah ul'oH atta shod wei nE uroppea ym ucha ttenttoiw ohnah ta ppened
ShoesoMried'o.r ikTaawcakh oe lpmeedi nm orew aytsh an durmg rotuhgseha lmype e riionad n E asAts iacno untfrayr,
shek nowosrI canr ecoHredr.j usbte intgh ewasr e nol ess removfreodm t hder amianS pain?
importanhte ortb hvainor uoslo efc heckmiynt gr anslations Inr eplIyc ,a ng ivaetl eatshtr eree asownhsya s tuodfy
oft hpeu raen archJiasptasn'oe nst eh mea noyc caswihoenns Japanepsuera en archiisws omr thwhFiilrets.ht ie,m age of
theeyx prestsheedm seilnlv aensg uwahgiec wha esv emno re thJea pane(sien cludingJwaopraknimenesgnae n dw omen)
convoluptoelde,m iocrja alr gon-rtihdaudnse una Tlh.eb est whichha sp revaiilnt ehdWe e sdtu rirnegc ednetc adheass
complimIec natnp ayt ot hesweo meni nm yl iifset haift , beeonf a no verwhelmicnognlfoyr mainsdtd ocipleeo ple.
evewred oa chiaes voec iwehtiyci hsb otahn arcahnidcs otm ­ Theo ft-repeepaitte'hdee cto noamniicm ahlassb' e euns ed
munisitt, bweii lnlh abibtype edo plliekt eh em. tod escrtihbeae p parcehnatr acotfte hrJe a panedsuer ing
mucho ft hpeo stwpaerr iaonddh acso nvetyheedsi ere ming
JOHCNR UMP indifferteopn oclei tical oprer tihnicqciuapells etsiA otan ns .
earsltya ogfme yr eseairnctphou raen archIir semaa dp aper
Author's Note on' ThCeo mmuniIsdtei anJ apaant'a s eminianOr x ford,
wherIewas critibceicsaeudIsh ea ds upposedly overlooked
Japannesaem easr gei viennt hceu stomEaarsAyts iafno rm, the' factth'att h Jea paneasreet hem osutn r evolutionary.
Lef.a minlaym e( e.Hga.t tfao)l lobwype edr sonnaamle( e.g. order-laonvdci onngf orpmeiosptil net hweo rlOdf.c ourse,
ShuloL)o.n gv oweilnsJ apanewsoer dasr ei ndicabtye d thiwsi dehleyl idm agdee rifvreosam t tribtuota ilJnlag p ­
macro(nes. 0g).. anesienal le racse rtcahianr actewrhiiscethvi,ec inspf r esent
tOda(ya nidt i sa rguatbhlaett h eayr en owhenreea ars
univearssi asol f tecnl aimeadr)eo, fv ersyh orhti storical
duratNiootno .n ldyo etsh iism agceo nflwiicttthh pee rcep-
xu Inotdruction Introduction xiii
tioonf t heJ apanesaesa revolutiopneaorpyl weh,i cwash theiorw nt op opularciosmem unismt,h ec ommunew hich
widespretahdr oughoEuatsA ts iian t hey earfso llowtihneg theyl,i kaen archciosmtm unisetvse rywheardev,o cataestd h e
upheavoafl1 868b,ut i ta lscol ashweist ht hes upposedly uniot fc ommunissto ciehtayd c easetdo b e a European
unJapanecsoen cerfno rp oliticparli ncipalnedis d eological transplfarnotmK ropotkitne'xsta sn dw asc learalJya panese
clariwcyh ichw asd emonstrabtyet dh ep urea narchiosft s farminvigl lagter,a nsforbmyea dn anarchriesvto lutnioo n
the interwar yeaornscr. e aHseonfnco erw ritian bgo oko n doubtb,u tn onet hel esJsa panefsoe rt hatL.i kewitsheo,s e
thep urea narchiisstt hsa Itt hinikti si nstructtodi rvaew the whow eree xpectteodb rinagb outth is storcainaslf ormation
attentoifoW ne stern retaodt ehross' eo thJearp anesteh'o,s e weren otc osmopolirteavno lutioneaxrpireess sEiunrgo pean
whosev ereyx iste(nicrree spcColfit vhee icro ncreatceh ieve­ concepitnsk atakanJaaepsanqeusbeeu ,t f lesahn db lood
ment)m odifietsh en egatiivmea gep rojectbeyd t heidre ­ producotfJs a panessoec iestuyc,ha st het enanfta rmers.
pressincgolnyf ormciosutn trymaennd c ountrywomen. Severyaela rs Maagxoi milRiuebne aln dI e diteavd o lume
A seconrde asofno rm y interienst th ep urea narchiissts ofe ssauynsd etrh et itNloe n-MaSrokceitai lnti hsNemi neteenth
thatth erye preseannat u thentiJcaaplalnye esxep ressoifo n andT wentCeinettuhr i'Neosn.-lma rkseotc ialiwsamsa' syn­
theu niversal proifnc coimpmluensi smB.y communisIm onymf orw hatI haver eferrteodh erea s' communism'.
meano,f c oursneo,tt hes ysteomfb ureaucrpaotwiecrp ,a rty Althougihnt haeta rlibeoro kw e chosneo tt ou set hew ord
dominatiaonnd,s tatmea nipulatoifot nhe e conomfyo und 'communism' beocfoa uusrce o ncertnh aitt m ighbte m is­
inc ountrsiuecsh a s( untrielc entRluys)s iaan dC hinab,u t interpreatshe adv inagc onnectwiiotnth h ep olitiscyaslt ems
thep rojetcotr eorgansioscei estoay s to achieavc eo mmun­ formerolrya ctuafloluyn di nR ussiCah,i naa nde lsewhere,
itoyf s ocieaqlu alwsh ow oulcdo ntrtohlem eanso fp roduc­ theries n o alternattoie vmep loyitnhge t ermh eres,i nce
tiocno mmunalcloyo,p erativoerlgya nise prodfuocrtt hieo n 'anarchciosmtm unismw'a st hed eclaraeidm o ft hep ure
direscatt isfacotfn ieoend sa,n dc onsumbey t aking freely anarchiOsutrs t.h emei nN on-MarkSeotc iailnti hsNmei ne­
fromt hec ommonlhye ldw ealtohfs ocieStuyc.ha visioofn teenatnhdT wentCeinEttuhrw iaset hsa ta,l thouagc ho mmunist
sociraelo rganisgaottii otnfs i rfsutl lwyo rked-opruets enta­ sociehtayss of arn evebre ena chievaendy wherceo,m mun­
tioni nJ apanesweh enP etrK ropotki(n1's8 42-1T9h2e1 ) ismh asn everthehlaedsa s c onstainftu ,n steadeyx,i stence
ConquofesB tr ewasa d translaitne1 d9 0A9l.t hougThh eC on­ durintgh en ineteeanntdht wentieth ceansat c uhrailelse nge
queosfBt r esatdr uac rke sponscihvoer adm ongm anyr adical tot hei deoloogfyc apitalFiosrma .sl onga st herhea sb een
Japaneosfet haetr ai,tr emainveedr myu cha Japanetsrea ns­ indusuicaalp italgirsomu,p osf w orkinmge n andw omen
latioofna n essentiEaulrloyp ean wTohrek v.e rtyi tTleh e haver eactetdo its exiasntdet noct eh,ei ndignities and
ConquofeB srte( aados p posetod T hCeo nquofeRi scet)i ndicates irrationalitiiense viwthaaibcclchoy m paniytb ,y f ormulating
the( fomra nyJ apanese) exoticallyfl avEouurorof p ean a communisatl"t ernatTihvee b.o ok argutehda tn either
Kropotkipna'sss ionaartgeu menftoscr o mmunisKmr.o potkin socidaelm ocracnoyr b olshevism reprecsoemnmtuendi st
remainetdh ed ominanitn fluenocne t hep urea narchists challentgoec sa pitalsiisnmc,be o thw erev ariatioonn tsh e
durintgh ei nterwyaera rasn dt hiwsa sr einforwcheedn h is capitatlhiesmtei ,nt hatth elye fitn tatchtep rincicpoanls titu�
CollecWortkeswd e rep ublishienJd a panefsreo m1 92N8e.v er­ ente lemenotfsc apital(itshmew agess ystecmo,m modity
thelebsyst ,h apte riocdo mmunishma db eenf ullays sim­ productisotna,tp eo wera nds oo n)T.h e reaclh allentgoe
ilatbeydi tJsa paneseex ponentsost ,h abty t hent hep ure capitalhiasscm o mef romq uarteortsh etrh ans ocidaelm o­
anarchiwsetrsea bltoe relaittte h orougtholJ ya panessoec i­ cracoyr b olsheviasnmd,t hec urrenwtes e xamineads d if­
etya ndp reseinttt o a Japaneasued ienicnea na uthentically ferenvte rsioonfts h icso mmuniscth allenignet hev arious
Japanefsoer mT.h usw,h ent hep urea narchiwsrtostt ee xtosf Chapteorfso urb ookw eret hef ollowing:-
xiv Introduction Introduction xv
Anarchist comrmeupnriessme,fn rtoemad p prox­ owemsu cht oi tAsn glo-SoarxiogniT nhser. e peaetmeedr ­
imate18l8yo0 n warbdysa s trionftg h inkaenrdas c t­ gencoeft hesoer ganisatsieopnaaralanltdyce u lturally dis­
ivisstusc.ah s K ropotaknidnA lexanBdeerrk man tinfcotn nulaotfiw ohnasstt ill reesmsaeinnttsih aesl almye
(1870-1936). communailstte rnattoci avpei tasluigsgmet shtaistit si nt he
2 Thei mpossiobfic luirsrmes nutcashs t h� Soc�iP aalritsy natuorfce a pitawlhiesrme,v eexri stitotes v,o kace o mmunist
ofG reaBtr itawihni,cw ha sf ound1e0d 1 90410 the respownhsiec dho enso tv aryi ni tfsu ndamenFtraolmts h.e
courosfet hes plbiett we'epno ssibainldi' sitms­' standpoofti hnleta ttwee ntcieentthu irymt.a yl ooakst hough
possibiinlt ihsret asn'ko sft hSeo ciDaelm ocraFteidc­ capitarluilstemhs ew orludn troubalnedhd a ss uccessfully
eratiinoB nr itain. countealrlea du empttosr eplaictbe yc ommuniYsemt.a, s
3 Thec ouncciolm muniassms ociwaitttehhd eG erman thee xisteonftc hee sceo mmunicsutr rednelmSo nstrates,
Revoluotfi1 o9n1 8a ndi tasf termwahtihc,wash ar­ despiitlaeSp paraotfiu dse olodgoimcianla tciaopni,t alism
ticulbaytt ehde oretsiucciahas nA sn toPna nnekoek hasp roveudn abtloee radicaanat let erncaotmimvuen ist
(1873-19O6t0tR)ou, h l(e1 874-1a9n4dP3 a) uMla ttick visioofhn o ws ociceotuylb deo rganiAss leodn.ag sv arieties
(1904-81). oft hicso mmunailstte rnarteimvaeti onh auncta pit.a1iilsSm ,
4 Bordigwihsimct.ha kietsns a mefr omA madeBoo rdiga supremiaslc eyst sh atno taanldt hep ossiboifal cihtiye ving
(1889-19t7h0ef) i,rl seta doefrt heC ommuniPsatr ty communicsamn nboet discounted.
ofI tableyf.o trheel eaderosfht ihpap ta rtpya ssiend Iti sw itthh esceo nsideriantm iionndts h aIth avaep­
192t4o o themrosr aec cepttaotb hlCeeo mintesrnu,c h proachtehdes tudoyft hJea panepsuera en archSiisntcse.
asA ntonGiroa ms(c1i8 91-1937). capitailsai w somr lpdh enomeniotwn o,u lbde s tranigne­
5 Thes ituatioonfti hsSemi tuatIinotneirsnta twihoonsael , deeidcf o mmuniidseto locghiaclalle tnocg aepsi tawleirsem
actisvpiatnyn tehdpe e ri1o9d5 t7o 1 97a2n dw aso ne alolf E uropeoarni gliink,te h efi vec urremnetnst ioned
oft heS lreafmese ditnhgeu pheaivnaP la riinsM ay abo.vO ebviouosftl hyEe.u ropecaonm munciusrtr ents which
1968. Ih avied entiJfaipeadn,pe usreae n archhiasdmm o sitnc om­
monw itEhu ropeaanna rcchoimsmtu nism. Nevaesr theless,
Consideirnie sdo laittii ostn e.m ptitnogd ismainsyosn e Ii ndicatedt hepeau rrlaein earr,c hdiisndto sst i mprleyp eat
of thfeiscveeu rreanstt oswo e atko b eo fm uchs ignificance. parrot-flaesshsilooennas r bnyrt o tfreo mt heE uropean an­
?
Taketno gethhoewre,v tehre,ry e presase unstt acirnietique archciosmtm uniTshteas b.i loiftt hype u raen archtiots alkSe
ofc apit.a1ainsdam consistpeonstelcdyo, m muOlasltt ern­ accouonftt h ew ayi nw hich caphiatd.a1d iesvme loped in
.
atitvoei tN.a turatlhleyrh.ea vbee edni fferences between Japaann.d t or espond crteoai ttsispv eeclfiyea alt ubrye s
thecsuerr enwthsi,ch ha vkee ptth edmi viadneddo vewrh ich offeriannga lternawtihviec wash nol escso mmunifsotr
thehya vaer gu(epda rticwuiltraher glaytr otd hqeu es�oofn beinrgo otienJd a panceosned itiifsou nrst,ch oenrfi nnation
.
meansb)u,te acihn i tosw nw a�yh aes ffecukveeplty .walei ve oft hea rgumetnhtac ta pitailnivsamr ieavbolkyae cso m­
goaolfa c ommunsioscti aenthya sw �sp revenctaepdI tal­ munirsets pofnrsoewm i thtihner ankosft hosweh omi t
isfmr om enjuonycihnagl lIednegoeldo gical Wshuaptr emacy. oppresasnedes x pl.oH ietnsce, despitpeu rJaean p­anese
givlehse sceu rreandtdse sdi gnifiacsaa c noclel ecpthiev­e archislma'coskfc oncrseutcec eislvsSe. ry exisctaenbn ec e
.
nomenoints h atth ehya veem ergleadr gmedleyp endeonfl iy regaradses di gnifwihceainnit t ss ewti thtihnie n ternational
onea nothedri fafte hriesntto jruinccatlua rnedis nd ifferent conteoxutt lianbeodv Pea.r ticuiflo anrelk'yns o wleadngde
geograplhoiccaatlBi oonrsd.i giiasss rm e cog::'bnlitys�h � r.od­ experioefnc coem munihsimt hehratvcoeo nspitroge idvi et
ucotf I taliinafnl ueanncdce isr cumstaasIn mcpeoss slblhsm thea ppearaonfac per edominEaunrloipye an ideological
xvi Introduction Introduction xvu
construcittc, a nb em oret hana littelxec ititnorg e cognise thew ishy-wacsohcyk toafin lo ndescr'iapnta rchiBsymw 'a.y
thep urea narchiasstt hse J apaneesqeu ivaloefnt th eE uro­ ofc ontraisnti ,n terwaJra pant hec onfrontabteitowne en
peanc urrenttows h icIhh avea lluded. anarchissytn dicalainsdtt hse ipru rea narchiosptp onents
A third refaosrwo rni tian bgo oko nt hep urea narchiisst s forcetdh el attteord efinee vemro rec leartlhyet heoretical
thes ophistitchaetoerde tliecvawelhl i cLhh eb esatm ong! .hem baseosf t heiarc tivAsi tay r.e sultth,ei nterwyaera rwse rea
werea blteo a chieWver.i tifnrgo ma E uropeapne rspecitni ve perioodf i ntentshee oretiincnaolv atiinoJ na pana nd,i n
hicsh aptienrN on-MarilLt Socialiints hNmei netaeneTdnwen t­h contratsowt h ath appeneidnE uropea,n archciosmtm unist
tieCetnht urAilaai,Pne ngamc laimetdh aatf teKrr opotkin's theordyi dn ots tagnaattte h ep oinattsw hicKhr opotkhiand
deatihn 1 92t1h et heoroyfa narchciosmtm unissmu rvived lefitto rw,o rsset ielvle,nr egreTshse.r ie sa t endenacmyo ng
fora w hil'eb.u wta sc onsignteodi solatbiyot nh eu nfolding Japanecsoem mentattoorr se grtehte c onfrontatthiaootnc ­
counter-revofrloumt tihoen1 920on5w ards', currebde tweeann archsiysntd icaalnidsp tusr ea narchists,
andt or egaridta st hes uiciodfea movemenl already belea­
Unlikteh eI taliLaenf[ t8 0rdigiasnldtS h]eG erman-Dutch guerebdy t het wine nemieosf c apilalainsdmb olshevism.
councciolm munis(ttsh el altacbro vael lw,i tht heicrr i­ Yet,w ithoustu chi ntenspeo lemicbse tweeann archist
ticiosfmt hew holweo rkermso'v emenatn dt heiarn alysis syndicalainsdtp su rea narchiasntasr,c hciosmtm uniswmo uld
oft heg enertaeln denfcoyra · unificatoifol na boucra,p ital probabhlayv ew itheroendt heb oughi nJ apaans i nE urope,
andL hes tatet)h,ep artisoafna sn archo-commudniids m sot hatth erweo ulbde n op articurleaars otno dafyo rs tudy­
notr ealtryl y tod iscovtehre c auseosf t hicso unter­ inga m ovemenwth icdhi splatyheeds amef adinqgu alitaise s
revolutnioornd ;i dt hepye rceiivtees x tenAst .a result, itcso ntemporairniE eusr ope.
theicro ntributaimoonusn tetdol ittmloer et haanf ormal Among thet heoreticoifap nusr ea narchinsomn ew as
defencoefp rincipwlietsh.o uatn yc ritidceaplt hM.o re­ morei nnovatoirvd ee terminteodr ida narchithseto ryo f
overt,h esceo ntributicoenass evde rrya pidSley.b astien extraneous elementfsr,o msd yenrdiivceadl ieslms eowrh ere,
FaureM'ans Communismeappeianr1e 9d2 L1u,i gGia lleani's thaHna ttSah iiz(Q 186-8-1934E)v.en i nJapaHna,u ai sl argely
ThEen do Afn archiin1 s9m2?a5n dA lexandBeerr kman's forgotttheens dea yosu tsiodfea narchist cIsi precnlstee sv.­
WhaItCos m munAinsatr ch(biestmte?r kinnio twasnb ridged eramlo nthisn J apani n1 990en,g ageidnr esearfcohrt his
forma st heAB C ofA narchiin1 s9m2)9 .2 booka,n dI wass trucbkyt hef actth amte ntioonf m y re­
searcthh emep rompted most swcihtowhlh aormsJ c amei n
Evenw itrhe gartdoS panisahn archiPsemn,g amwas scepti­ contatoc dti vfeo trh eb iographdiiccatli onoantr hye isrh elves
calw hethetrh ec ollectiviisnaS tpiaoinnfsr om1 93c6o n­ tod iscovwehroo ne artwha sH attSah iizo. Neetdols easyis,n
taineadn ya narchciosmtm unipsott entsiianlc,he e r egarded theW estt hes ituatiisob nl eakesrt ialnld H attias t otally
Spanish 'libceormwmiuanni smo'ft he1 930assa n' empty unknownT.h isi si ncongruosuisn,ci en t heW esta tl east
phrase',' somethiinskg n owna bouJta paneasnea rchiasnmd ,f ore x­
Thec ontrabsett weetnh ew itheroifna gn archciosmtm un­ ampleb.o thK OtokSuh iisu(i1 871-1a9n1d1O s)u gSia kae
istth eoriynE uropaef tetrh eF irWsotr ldW ara ndi ts flower­ (1885--1h9a2v3eh) a d( albeuints ympathebtiiocg)r aphies
ingi nJ apand urintgh ei nterwayre arisss trikiAnswg i.l ble writtoenn t hemb yA mericasnc holaIrnsC .h�a pte2r I e x­
demonstraitneC dh apteIr,i nE uropaef te1r9 1a8n archist plaiKno tokua'nsd O sugic'osn tributtiooa nnsa rchiisnm
communiswtesr el argecloyn tenttoe choK ropotkiwnr'ist ­ Japana ndi ti sc ertaifarn lfyr omm y purposient hibso okto
ingasn de vent oleraat deidl utiooftn h eoretcilcaarliw tiyt,h belitetilteh eorft hemB.o tha ret oweripnegr sonaliint ies
ther esutlhta etv entuaalnlayr chciosmtm uniscme asetdo theh istooryfJ apanesaen archiYsemt.i ti sa lsfoa itro s ay
haveac oherent idoefin ttosiw tnya ndw as incorpoirnattoe d thanle ithcearn b e considertoeh da vem adea significant,
Introduction
xviii
origincaoln tributtioa onna rchtihseto rOyn. thei nterna­
tionlaelv etlh eayr es econdafryi gurseisn,c teh er oletsh ey
fulfilwleerde maitnoli yn troduacned p opularWiesset ern
theorioefas n archiisnJm a panB.y w ayo fc ontrafsatt,he a s
notb een kitnoda giftaendd o rigintahli nkleirk Hea lla.
o
Languaghea sa cteads a barriteora na ppreciaitnit ohne
o
Westo fh iss tatuarsea theoreticwihainl,ien J apant he ;2
prevaleonfcb eo lshevwiistmh tihne r elevant scchiorlcalrelsy '"
hasc ausehdi mt ob ei gnoreHdo.p efultlhyep, u blicatoifo n o
:I:
thibso okw,h icihs t hef irfsutl l-lesntgutdhoyf H attSah uz6
andp urea narchitsoam p peairna nyl anguagwiel,bl e latedly
brintgo H atlaan dh isc omradeas l ittolfte h er ecognition
theryi chdleys elve.
Ata nyr atet,or eturtnom y firtswto r easofnosr w riting
thibso okt,h er eadecra nb ea ssurtehda tth ec haptewrhsi ch
followwi ll focau sr eforne shirnegbleyl liboruese odf J ap­
anese, oofnw eh omw asH atlaa,n do nt heoriwehsi cchh al­
lengeev erya ssumptioonwn h icthh ec apitasltiastitneJ apan
(ande lsewheret,h afmtoa rt tecru)r renrtelsyt Tsh.o sed is­
inclinteogd a wpi no pen-mouthaeddm irataitot nh es oulless
consumeriosfmm odemJ apans houlrde ado n.T hep ure
anarchimsatkse a welcomceh angfer omt heh umana ut<r
malaf eaturiendt heu biquitous moannJ uaaplasn ese man­
agement techniquest.h eLiiirkd eewasists aeni,dn c omplete
contratsott h eu nquestionaicncge ptaonfch ei eraracnhdy
profiwth ichi,fm e sames ourcweesr et ob e believiesd ,
supposteodb ea geneticailmlpyr intcehda racteroifts htei c
JapanesHea.p pilwyh,a tt hep urea narchidsetmso nstriast e
thatth eriesn othinagb out beJianpga newshei cphr events
men andw omenf romr ecognismien sgh ortcomionfcg asp ­
italiosrmw hichi noculattheesm a gaintshte v isioofna n
alternastyisvteeo mff reec,o mmunissotc iraell ations.
1 AnarchisCto mmunism
Europe\\-'as thes ourcoeft hea narchciosmtm unistmh awta s
introducteoJd a pane arliyn l het wentieth century. In this
chaptIe srh algli vaen accounotfa narchciosmtm unisams
itd evelopweidt hitnh ep olitiacnadli ntcllcClual milieu of
Europien t hel atnei neteenctehn tuarny dc arltyw entieth
cemury.Y ela,l thoumgyh f OCliinSt hicsh aplwcirl ble p rim­
ariEluyr opeabne,a rinignm indt het hemeo ft hibso okI,
shall ppaaryt icualtatre nttioot nh osaes pecotfsa narchist
communiswmh icwhe ret ob ecomec ontroverisnti haedl i f­
feresnte ttionfJg a painn t he1 920a5n d1 930s.
Anarchicsotm munisimsa revolutiotnhaeroyra yn dp rac­
ticweh icshe ektsoe stablbiysm he,a nsw hicfhr omt heo utset
transcetnhdes tatae s,o ciewthye rien dividfuraele doimsr e­
inforcbeydc ommunaslo lidaarnidtm yu tuaali dI.ti sp rob­
ably mocsotn venieLnOts eea narchicsotm munisma sa
tendenwchyi ch crystawliltihsitenhd ew ideEru ropeaann ar­
chismotv emendtu rintgh e1 870Tsh.i iss n ott os atyh aptr ior
tot hent herwea sn obodyw hoc ombinecdo mmitmentto
anarchi(samb olitoifto hnes tatwei)t ahd vocaocfcy o mmun­
ism( commono wnershoifpt h e meanso fp roductiaonnd
thes ociparlo ducTth)e.o dorDee zam(y 188-0-50)a ndJ oesph
Dejacq(u1e8 22-6w4e)r et wos ucthh inkearnsd.M la ximilien
Rubelh asp ointeodu tt hatc.o ntratroyp opulaorp inion,
KarMla rx( 188-1-83)w asi,n t Jlsee nsegsi veanb ove,jauss t
mucho fa na narchaissh tew asa c ommunisHto.w2e vesre,l f­
proclaimaenda rchciosmtm unisemm ergewdi thitnh ea nti­
Marxiwsitn go ft heI nternatiWoonrakiln Mge n'Ass socitaino
(thFei rIsntt ernatidounrailnt)gh ep erio1d8 6-7-80.F ran�ois
Dumarther(a1y8 42-19w3a1st) h efi rstto u sct het erm' anar­
chiscto mmunismw'h enh ew rotaep amphleTtot hMea nual
Workers, PartoifP soalnisAt citciawloh nic,wh asp ublishiend
Genevian F ebrua1r8y7 6a,n dE UseRee clu(s1 80-3-1905i)s
saitdoh avdee livears epde ecfhr oma na narchciosmtm unist
standpoiinnL ta usannienM archo ft hes amey earS.i milar
ideawse res preadianmgo ngt heI taliaanna rchists, who