PULSES IN INDIA : RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTS Compiled & Edited by Dr. AK Tiwari

331 Pages·2017·8.13 MB·English

2017

PULSES IN INDIA : RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTS

Compiled & Edited by
Dr. A.K. Tiwari, Director

&

Dr. A. K. Shivhare, Assistant Director

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & FARMERS WELFARE
(DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATION AND FW)

DIRECTORATE OF PULSES DEVELOPMENT
VINDHYACHAL BHAVAN, BHOPAL-462004, (M.P.)

Pulses in Indi a Retrospect & Prospects -2017
PREFACE
Food security and affordability top the Government's agenda as production stagnates and prices
continue to be firm. The greatest challenge to the agriculture in the years to come is to provide
adequate food to burgeoning population in order to combat with hunger and malnutrition. We
will have to feed more people with scarce water resources, recurring droughts, global warming
degrading lands and difficult access to energy. The agricultural technologies need a shift from
production oriented to profit oriented sustainable farming system.

A shift in crop preferences is visible since the 1990s. The farmers of Indo-Gangetic belt who
grew pulses earlier, have shifted to wheat where yields ranges from 3,000 to 4,000 kg per hectare
compared to only about 800 kg in case of pulses. Over the past two decades the production of
pulses has largely shifted from northern India to central and southern part. Today, >90% of total
pulses production is realized in 10 states namely, MP, MS, Rajasthan, UP, Karnataka, AP,
Gujarat, Jharkhand, CG and Telangana. Both area and productivity of chickpea significantly
increased over decades.

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for adult male and female is 60 g and 55 g per
day. The per capita availability of pulses is @ 52 g per day. Pulses are chief source of vegetable
protein in the human diet. The deficiency of protein in human diet often leads to Protein-Energy-
Malnutrition (PEM) causing various forms of anemia. Besides, nutritive value of pulses in
human diet, food legumes tend to fix atmospheric nitrogen to N- compounds to the tune of 72 to
350 kg per hectare per year and provide soil cover that helps to sustain soil health.

India is the largest producer, 26% of world’s production, and consumer, 30% of total pulses of
the world. The domestic production of about 23 million tones during 2016-17 shall be still less
than the future estimated demand of 29-30 million tones. Studies on consumption pattern has
revealed that in India only 8-10 million tons of pulses are used directly as a food item (Dal), the
remaining 12 million tons being indirect actual consumption as processed/value added products
such as snacks, fast food for domestic consumption and export. Thus the average gap of 06 MT
is met through imports. In India, the share of pulses to gross cropped area and in total foodgrains
basket is about 15 per cent and 8 per cent respectively.

India’s outstanding contribution towards total global acreage and production of pulses at 36 per
cent and 26 per cent respectively is credited to our strength. The three five year plans between
Xth to XIIth exhibited an increasing yield trends, the highest being 779 kg/ha during 2016-17 as
against the world’s average productivity of 909 kg/ha, is less than the demonstrated potential
under the FLDs. The targeted production and productivity is possible by way of harnessing this
yield gap by growing pulses in new niches, precision farming, quality inputs, soil test based INM
and mechanized method of pulse cultivation complimented with generous Governmental Policies
and appropriate funding support to implementing states/stake holders.

Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017
In India, pulses have always received due attentions both in terms of requirement by consumers
and adequate programmatic support from the government at the production front. Besides the
game changing efforts under the ‘Prime Minister’s Krishi Sinchayi Yojna’ pulse production has
received adequate importance. The IT initiatives in extension/apps to access market, Soil Health
Cards, INM, crop advisories and E-NAM, involvement of KVKs in seed hub, additional breeder
seed production, strengthening Bio-fertilizer/Bio-control production units and FPOs etc., are
other specific efforts. Creation of buffer stock, imposition of stock limits and offering pulses at
low cost through mobile vans including encouraging Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in food
processing etc., are the other policy interventions.

Since Seventh Plan onwards, the NPDP (1985-90 to 2003-04) and ISOPOM (2004-05 to 2010-
11) were the major CSS on Pulse Development in addition to NFSM-Pulses since Eleventh Plan.
NSFM was lunched to increase the additional production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 08 and
02 million tons, respectively at the terminal year of XIth plan. XIIth Plan aims at additional
production targets of 25 million tons of food grains comprising rice, wheat, pulses and coarse
cereals at 10, 08, 04 and 03 million tons respectively.

Efforts through compilation, have been made to have an access to most of the FAQs on pulses
development, plan effort’s impacts, scenario, strategies, post harvest and processing aspects
along-with the production technology. The Status Paper also provides information on various
agencies/stake holders, operating in isolation, may work in a participatory mode.

This Publication is inevitable and indispensable to highlight the past scenario, present status and
the future prospects of this commodity in the country delineating the districts, as well. More
emphasis has also been given on the proposed strategies beyond XIIth plan in the face of the
National Nutritional Security. The strategies recommended would certainly cope with the limited
and dwindling resources at hand. Various aspects of need-based pulse production and
developmental programs associated, in line with the National Agricultural Policy, have been
incorporated with their varying degrees of impacts during different areas.

I hope, the Status Paper “Pulses in India : Retrospect and Prospects” brought out by DPD,
Bhopal would not only benefit the intelligentsia, the farmers, the developmental organizations,
processors/traders and all the readers, but a sense of motivation may be imbibed to all concerned
in making the country self-sufficient and self- reliant in the Pulse sector. The book would
certainly cast a new vista of hopes which may creep into the readers’ minds, keeping alive the
core and intrinsic purpose of sustained pulse production in the long run.

I am personally grateful to Shri. S. K. Pattanayak, Secretary, Govt. of India, Ministry of
Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, (DAC&FW), Dr. S. K. Malhotra, Agriculture Commissioner
and Dr. B. Rajender, Joint Secretary (Crops) for their sustained support, guidance and
encouragement in bringing out the volume.
Dr. A. K. Shivhare, Assistant Director and Ms. Ashwini, Technical Assistant deserve special
mention for their sincere association, dedication and hard work for a pretty long period to
accomplish the task.
(A.K. Tiwari)
Director
Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017
ABOUT THE DIRECTORATE
1.0 The Directorate of Pulses Development (DPD), one of the eight Commodity
Development Directorates (CDDs) viz Jute, Cotton, Wheat, Millets, Rice, Sugarcane
and Oilseeds, under the crops division of the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers
Welfare, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW)
,was established in 1971 at Lucknow (U.P.) by merging the Regional Extension Unit
, Ahmedabad (Gujarat). On the recommendations of "CDDs Re-organization
Committee", in 1996, the National Head Quarter of pulses commodity was
subsequently shifted to Madhya Pradesh , Bhopal.

2.0 The Directorate of Pulses Development is mandated to co-ordinate and monitor the
implementation of all pulse related centrally sponsored/central sector schemes on
crops development & research across the country .

3.0 With the bi-focal responsibilities for the assigned states of MP & CG at present, it
coordinates and monitors all crop related schemes / programmes/ Missions in these
states. At present National Food Security Mission (NFSM) – Pulses is operational in
29 States,638 districts in the Country and NFSM (Wheat, Pulses, Rice, Sugarcane,
Cotton, Jute and Coarse Cereals),National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (
NMSA),National Mission on Agricultural Extension & Technology (NMAET),
National Mission on Oilseeds, Oilpalm ( NMOOP),Mission on Integrated
Development of Horticulture (MIDH), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) &
Bringing Green Revolution In Eastern India( BGREI) etc.

4.0 The Directorate functions as Nodal/Regional office of DAC&FW,Govt of India, New
Delhi for MP & CG states to represent in State Level Sanction Committees, Inter-
Ministerial Central Teams & Task-force etc.

5.0 The Directorate has been instrumental in conceiving and coordinating the Plan
interventions initiated since IVth Plan (1969-70 to 1973-74) onward followed by
major CSS, the the National Pulses Development Project (NPDP) from VIIth Plan ,
implemented in 17 major states of the country.To supplement the efforts under NPDP,
a Special Food Grain Production Program (SFPP) on Pulses was also operationalised
during 1988-89 on a 100% Central assistance basis. Under the GOI-UNDP Co-
operation (1997-2003), pulses were identified as priority sector, the ICAR-IIPR was
given the project assistance.

6.0 In view of the spectacular achievement in Oilseeds Sector through TMO, pulses were
brought within the ambit of TMOP in 1990. From 2004-05, the Integrated Scheme of
Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM) was launched. The new technologies,
Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017
timely supply of inputs, extension supports, remunerative price, marketing
infrastructure and post-harvest technologies were the focused area to increasing pulses
production with the Mission Mode approach.

7.0 The DPD, Bhopal has been actively monitoring the programme implementation at the
national level, through National Monitoring Team/ field visits, allocation of Seed
Minikits, interface with the Research and other stake holder organizations/ agencies in
the country.

8.0 During XIth Plan (2007-08 Rabi)), in pursuance of the resolution adopted in
53rd meeting of National Development Council, a CSS on National Food Security
Mission was launched. It was resolved to enhance the production of rice, wheat and
pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tonnes, respectively by the end of XI Plan. To further
supplement the efforts to accelerate the pulses production, during XI Plan a centrally
sponsored Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P) (2010-11 to 2013-14)-as
cluster demonstration approach; Special initiatives for pulses and oilseeds in dry land
area (2010-11); and Integrated development of 60000 Pulses villages in Rainfed Areas
(2011-12) both under RKVY and Special plan to achieve 19+ million tonnes of Pulses
production during Kharif (2012-13) were also implemented, in addition to NFSM-
Pulses. The implementation of the NFSM scheme is continued during XIIth Plan.

9.0 The DPD drafted the policy paper/ guidelines for NFSM -Pulses, Seed- Rolling Plan
,the draft paper proposed the strategy of area expansion and productivity enhancement
in consultation with states and ICAR; restoring soil fertility and productivity; creating
employment opportunities; and enhancing farm level economy to restore confidence
of farmers of targeted districts. The basic strategies were implementation of
interventions in a mission mode through active engagement of all the stake holders at
various levels. These interventions include promotion and extension of improved
technologies i.e., Seed, INM (micro-nutrient, soil amendments), IPM and resource
conservation technologies (RCTs) and capacity building of farmers. Interventions
proposed were integrated with the district plan and target for each identified district
was fixed. Constant monitoring and concurrent evaluation were proposed for assessing
the impact of the interventions for a result oriented approach by the implementing
agencies.

10.0 NFSM-Pulses is operational beyond XIIth Plan (2012-13 to 2016-17 in 29 states
namely Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,
Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerela,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha,
Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017
11.0 The DPD, Bhopal recently organized two National Seminar/Workshops on:
i) “Pulses Development: Challenges & Opportunities in Central & Southern States”
(CIAE, Bhopal :Feb 3rd - 4th,2016); “Promotion of Pulses in Non-traditional Niches:
Summer Cultivation” (IIPR, Kanpur :Feb 9th-10th, 2016);
ii) Two skill development trainings (KVK, CRDE, Sehore: Oct. 7th-8th 2015), KVK,
Raisen: Oct.28th-29th, 2015). In addition, conducted the NLMTs on BGREI, and
NFSM, NMOOP in CG and MP states.

12.0 The Directorate accomplishes the task relating to analysis of Area ,Production and
Productivity trends/impact of developmental programmes ; research areas and
identification of bottlenecks and suggest measures for their rectification and also
feedback to ICAR-IIPR through institutionalized mechanism of National
Conference/Group Meets on Chickpea, Pigeonpea, MULLaRP, Arid Legumes and
DAC-ICAR Interface; Interface with National and International Research
Organizations and Stake holders on area of crop Research; fixing targets of production
and suggest measures to achieve them; to co-ordinate in programmatic review of all
CSSs, special packages (eg. Bundelkhand Package) and to organize and coordinate
Seminar/Workshop/Conference /Review Meetings at state and national level.

13.0 Preparation of Weekly Weather Watch Report (WWWR), monitoring of
weather/rainfall pattern/temp/coverage/market arrivals and prices of pulses at national
level and for all agricultural crops in the nodal states for review of the Crop Tracking
Committee meeting of the Ministry; crop tracking during growing season and
production estimate forecast, formulation of Annual and Five year National plan,
coordination in execution and monitoring of crop production programmes of pulses at
national level, assisting states/UTs in initiation, planning, formulation and
intensification of crop development programmes in consonance with the ongoing states
programme/Contingency Planning/Crop diversification aspects& convergence and
monitoring.

14.0 To assess the crop loss/damage to agricultural sector during Natural Calamities as
Member Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) representing the Govt. of India,
Department of Agriculture Cooperation& F W;. to act as nodal agency for Technology
Transfer/Technology Dissemination/Extension for Pulses Development across the
country and to work out Human Resource Development needs at all clientele level and
to attend and reply of the Parliament Questions.

15.0 The Other Existing Activities/ Functions include
i) To monitor the NFSM funded project on Creation of Seed-Hub for Increasing Indigenous
Pulse Production in India”; “Enhancing Breeder Seed Production for increasing
Indigenous Pulse Production in India”; Cluster FLDs on Pulses/ Oilseed undertaken by
KVKs of MP and Chhattisgarh states under ATARI Zone-IX; to formulate and monitor
the Seed Minikit Programme on Pulses at national level, “Establishment/ Strengthening
of Bio-fertilizer and Bio-control Production Units for Increasing Pulse Production In
India”, “National Demonstration Project and Value Chain Development of Pulses and
Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017
Millets in India”, CSS on MM-I on oilseeds and MM III on Tree Borne Oilseeds (TBOs)
in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states, Mini Mission-II on Oilpalm in Chhattisgarh
state under National Mission on Oilseeds and Oilpalm (NMOOP), Dry Land development
activities, extension reforms (ATMA), mechanization etc. under NMSA, NMAE&T and
RKVY interventions in the state of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

ii) To prepare the Quarterly Progress Report and Annual Progress Report NFSM-Pulses,
BGREI (Chhattisgarh); NMOOP & RKVY schemes of assigned states.

iii) To act as Convener/Team Leader, National Level Monitoring Team (NLMT) for Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh under NFSM (Rice, Pulses, Wheat, Commercial Crops, Coarse
Cereals) and Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI);To liaise with the other
Central Ministries ICAR institutes, SAUs, International Research Organizations, NGOs
and other stake holders in the field of Agri. and allied sectors for better Research-
Development interface. Also represent Department of Agriculture and Cooperation on their
Committee/ events with a view to have direct interface for onward benefits to formulate
farmer friendly schemes at national level with a unified approach for the overall
development of agriculture sector as a whole; Build data base and maintain the flow of
information and ideas between research and development.

iv) To provide crop specific advisories, technical inputs to extension agencies and to
Extension Division of the Ministry of Agriculture for skill development, national policies
and for the Plan year; To participate in the State Level Crop Training Programmes;
Developing leaflets/ Literatures on training manuals;

v) To represent the Varietal Identification Committee (VIC) on pulses and evaluate the
performance of the newly evolved/ released pulses varieties;

Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017
EXPLANATION TO ABBREVATIONS

ADO Agriculture Development Officer
AES Agro-ecological situations
AFC Agriculture Finance Commission
AICRP All India Coordinated Research Project
a.i. Active ingredient
‘A’ lines Male sterile lines
ALP Aluminium Phosphate
AMDP Accelerated Maize Development Programme
A,P,Y Area, Production, Yield
A.P Andhra Pradesh
ATARI Agriculture Technology Application Research Institute
ATMA Agriculture Technology Management Agency
B Boron
‘B’ lines Maintainer lines
BCMV Bean Curl Mosaic Virus
BSP Breeder Seed Production
BNF Biological nitrogen fixation
BT Bacillus thuringenesis
COPP Change over previous plan periods
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CZ Central Zone
C.G. Chhattisgarh
CGMS Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility
CEC Cation Exchange Capacity
CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (RJ)
CZ Central Zone
CPWD Central Public Work Department
CIAE Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering, Bhopal (M.P.)
CCL Cash Credit Limit
CFTRI Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore (Karnataka)
CWC Central Warehousing Corporation
DAC Department of Agriculture,Cooperation & Farmers Welfare
DAP Di-ammonium Phosphate
DAS Days after sowing
DFSMEC District Food Security Mission Executive Committee
DGCI&S Director General of Commerce Intelligence and Statistics
EC Emulsifying Concentrate
ETL Economic Threshold Level
EC Empowered Committee
FAQ Fair Average Quality
FFS Farmer’s Field School
FOs Farmers Organizations
FPOs Farmers Producers Organizations
FIGs Farmers Interest Group
FLD Front Line Demonstration
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FYM Farm Yard Manure
Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017
GOI Government of India
GMS Genetic Male Sterility
HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene
HI Harvest Index
HRD Human Resource Development
HP Horse Power
ITD Innovations in Technology Dissemination
IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertilizer Co-operative Ltd.
IPM Integrated Pest Management
ISOPOM Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize
IIPR Indian Institute of Pulse Research, Kanpur (UP)
ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi
INM Integrated Nutrient Management
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research
KCl Potassium Chloride
K Potassium
K Kharif
KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra
KVIC Khadi Village Industries Commission
KW Kilo Watt
KRIBHCO Krishak Bharti Co-operative Ltd.
LE Larval Extract
MM-1 Mini-Mission 1
MSP Minimum Support Price
Min. Minimum
Max. Maximum
Mo Molybdenum
MP Madhya Pradesh
MS Maharashtra
NAT New Agriculture Technology
NEPZ North East Plain Zone
NWPZ North West Plain Zone
NHZ North Hilly Zone
N Nitrogen
NPV Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
NATP National Agriculture Technology Project
NCDC National Co-operative Development Cooperation
NGOs Non-Government organization
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NPDP National Pulses Development Project
NLMT National Level Monitoring Team
NUE Nutrient Use Efficiency
NFSM National Food Security Mission
NAFED National Agriculture Marketing Federation Ltd
NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Utilisation Planning, Nagpur
NWDPRA National Watershed Development project for Rural Agriculture
NSC National Seed Corporation
NAEP National Agriculture Extension Project
NE North East
Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017
NWP North Western Parts
OPDP Oil palm Development Project
OILFED Oil Federation
OPP Oilseed Production Programme
PSHG Pulses Self Help Group
PHT Post Harvest Technology
PSB Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria
PWD Public Work Department
PGPR Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
PC Project Coordinator
PAU Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana (PB)
PDKV Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (MS)
PFA Prevention of Food Adulteration
PSS Price Support Scheme
P Phosphorous
Q Quintal
RGK Rural Gram Kendra
RBI Reserve Bank of India
R Rabi
‘R’ lines Restorer Lines
RAEO Rural Agriculture Extension Officer
R&D Research Development
SPPP Strategic Pulses Production Programme
SVS Seed Village Scheme
SES Socio-economic Status
SBI State Bank of India
SSP Single Super Phosphate
SDA State Department of Agriculture
SL Solubilite
SRR Seed Replacement Rate
SHGs Self Help Group
SWCs State Warehousing Corporation
SZ South Zone
SFPP Special Food Grain Production Programme
SSC State Seed Corporation
SFCI State Farm Corporation of India
SLMT State Level Monitoring Team
ToT Transfer of Technology
TMC Technology Mission on Cotton
T&V Training and Visit
TAC Technical Advisory Committee
TE Triennium Ending
TMO Technology Mission on Oilseed
TN Tamil Nadu
UK United Kingdom
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
USA United States of America
UTs Union Territories
UP Uttar Pradesh
Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017