Pulsed Electrical Discharges for Medicine and Biology: Techniques, Processes, Applications

225 Pages·2015·7.972 MB·English

by  Victor Kolikov, Philip Rutberg (auth.)

Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering
Victor Kolikov
Philip Rutberg
Pulsed Electrical
Discharges for
Medicine and
Biology
Techniques, Processes, Applications
Pulsed Electrical Discharges for Medicine
and Biology
BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS,
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Victor Kolikov Philip Rutberg
(cid:129)
Pulsed Electrical Discharges
for Medicine and Biology
Techniques, Processes, Applications
123
Victor Kolikov Philip Rutberg
Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute for Electrophysics Institute for Electrophysics
andElectric Power andElectric Power
St.Petersburg St.Petersburg
Russia Russia
ISSN 1618-7210 ISSN 2197-5647 (electronic)
Biological andMedical Physics, Biomedical Engineering
ISBN978-3-319-18128-8 ISBN978-3-319-18129-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18129-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015938735
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Foreword
The main motivation for authors to collect the accumulated experience and
experimentaldatainthisareaisthegrowinginterestofresearchersandpractitioners
to innovative electrophysical methods for environment pollution abatement and to
application of the nanotechnologies’ products to medicine, biology, and other
fields.
Under the authors’ direct participation and their guidance, wide investigations
have been implemented. They are aimed at identifying opportunities for use of
nanoparticles of metals and their oxides in medicine (surgery, dentistry, and
oncology). The studies performed in vivo clearly show that such nanoparticles are
not genotoxicand mutagenic. Thus, the nanoparticles formed in water by the PED
water treatment may be used for both external and internal medical applications.
ItwasfoundthatthePEDcouldbeusedasasourceofintensiveshockwavesto
implement a novel technology for viruses soft destroying and preparing anti-virus
vaccines. With the authors’ participation, electric pulsed generators of high effi-
ciencyandelectrodischargechambershavebeendeveloped.Theseapparatusesare
able to decontaminate water from almost all known bacteria and spores offungal
cultures opportunistic to human beings. Moreover, such equipment can be used as
the nanoparticles generator of all available metals.
The book summarizes the results of investigations published in papers and
presented in conference proceedings. The book includes chapters dedicated to
detaileddescriptionofboththePEDinwaterandpropertiesoftheWNDofvarious
metals and their oxides formed by the discharge treating of water.
Iamsurethatthisbookwillbeusefulforresearchersinthementionedfieldsand
students of relevant specialties.
St. Petersburg Prof. Sergey Bobashev
v
Preface
This book is based on the results of experimental and theoretical studies presented
in articles and in conferences.
Initially, the research was focused on the processes accompanying the pulsed
electricdischargesinwater.Theseprocessesinclude:shockwaves,UV-irradiation,
generation of nanoparticles (as a result of thermoelectric erosion of metal elec-
trodes), photolysis which is accompanied by generation of hydrogen peroxide
(H O ), reactive OH radicals, and hydrated electrons. These studies were intended
2 2
tojustifytheuseofthesedischargesforthedecontaminationofmineralandsewage
water, as well as an alternative to traditional methods of disinfection for potable
water.Itwasconfirmedthatpulsedelectricaldischargesinwaterdestroythewhole
spectrum of pathogens and the spores of opportunistic to human fungi.
Particular interest evoked the phenomenon of prolonged microbial resistance of
watertreatedbyelectricdischarges,i.e.,theabilityofwatertokillthebacteriafora
long time. There are two groups of factors cause bactericidal action of pulsed
electric discharges in water:
(cid:129) UV-irradiation and shock waves (factors of current action)
(cid:129) Hydratedelectrons,OHradicals,H O ,nanoparticles,andpositiveionsofmetal
2 2
electrodes (factors of post action).
Sincethelifetimeofhydratedelectrons,OHradicals,andH O isnomorethan
2 2
several days, it is evident that only the nanoparticles and positive ions are
responsible for prolonged microbial resistance of water.
Based on the obtained results, a study was performed on the impact of water
dispersions of nanoparticles on bacterial medium in vivo. Local use of water dis-
persion of nanoparticles in treatment of purulent wounds with chronic constituent
elementswasused,whichshowedthatthebacterialcontaminationhaddisappeared
by the 7th day. At the same time, the signs of cellular atypia are absent.
Inaddition, therehavebeenstudies conductedontheantitumoreffectsofsilver
nanoparticles on Pliss lymphosarcoma. As a result, it was found that intravenous
injection of the water dispersions of silver nanoparticles leads to a significant
vii
viii Preface
reduction in the growth rate of Pliss lymphosarcoma. One possible antitumor
mechanism is the restoration of the equilibrium of the silver concentration in the
DNAofthetumorcells.Anothermechanismisanimpactofnanoparticles’surface
electric charge on the electronic processes of cell homeostasis.
Another application of nanoparticles in medicine is used in stomatology. It was
shown that during the treatment, the periodontal pocket depth had decreased by
2.5 mm, bleeding index was 1 point, and PCR-RT data appeared within normal
values in 3 weeks that coincided with absence of exudates from periodontal
pockets.
Particularobjectofthemedicalstudywastheidentificationofmutagenicityand
genotoxicity of nanoparticles. Experiments in vivo have shown that the nanopar-
ticles are not genotoxic or mutagenic.
The goal of the biological investigations was to determine the connection
betweenthepropertiesofthenanoparticlesandpeculiaritiesoftheirinteractionwith
thehumanbloodserum,ashighlyconcentratedsolutionsofmacromolecules.Itwas
found that albuminous and lipoprotein structures of HBS are agglutinated on the
surface of the nanoparticles, forming supramolecular complexes. Thus, the higher
theconcentrationofnanoparticlesindispersionis,thelargercomplexesareformed.
At early stages of the process rather small complexes of albuminous and immu-
noglobulins are formed, then lipoproteins are agglutinated, and finally, complexes
of large (more than 2 µm) hydrodynamic radius are formed. Interactions of the
nanoparticles with blood serum are of the same type and have differed only
quantitatively. These distinctions are connected with the sizes of nanostructure
aggregatesinthedispersions.Knowncorrelationbetweenpatients’stateandblood
properties allows us to suppose potential diagnostic significance of new integral
characteristics of patient state, characteristic radii of nanoparticles-serum compo-
nentscomplexformed.Obtainedresults,takentogetherwithdataavailablefromthe
literature, lead us to the possibility of using such nanostructures for diagnosis of
some conformational diseases such as Alzheimer disease.
Studying the “soft” damaging effects of intensive shock waves generated by
pulseelectricdischargesontheshellofthevirusshowedthatthismethodcouldbe
a novel one for preparing antivirus vaccines.
Thestatementaboveshowsthepotential useofpulsedelectricaldischargesand
water dispersions of nanoparticles in various fields of medicine, biology, and
ecology.
The book may be of interest to both undergraduate and graduate students in
related disciplines, and to professionals employed in other fields of studies who
would want to further explore this subject in-depth.
St. Petersburg Victor Kolikov
Philip Rutberg
Acknowledgments
WewouldliketothankA.Arutjunan,Yu.Aristov,E.Bogomolova,I.Cherepkova,
V. Dolgosaburov, M. Dubina, V. Egorov, V. Gusarov, E. Ignat’eva, L. Kaftyreva,
M. Khalilov, O. Kiselev, D. Korotkov, S. Korotkov, V. Kurochkin, S. Landa,
F. Moiseenko, A. Moshkin, L. Noskin, L. Panina, G. Shtorina, A. Sirotkin,
V. Voejkov, N. Volkov, and I. Voskresenskaya for contribution in the research,
discussions, and interpretations. Co-workers: A. Bogomaz, A. Bratsev, A. Leks,
M. Pinchuk, V. Popov, A. Rutberg, V. Snetov, and A. Ufimtsev for their collab-
oration. S. Kumkov for text editing.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Experimental Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Test Bench of Electrodischarge Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Types of Pulsed High-Voltage Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 High Efficiency Two-Channel Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Portable Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 Electrodischarge Chambers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Pilot Industrial Electrodischarge Apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 Diagnostic Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 Electrical Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 Optical Registration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Physical and Chemical Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4 Biological and Medical Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4 Electrophysical Processes in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1 Parameters and Properties of Electric Discharges . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 Main Characteristics of Pulsed Electric Discharges
in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Shock Waves, Cavitation, and UV-Irradiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.4 Impacts of the PED on Water Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5 Substances Formed During Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.1 Short-Lived Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.2 Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
xi