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document archived Historic, Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. " United States Pulpwood Production Department of Agriculture in the Northeast--"! 990 Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station Resource Bulletin NE-123 Richard H. Widmann fit c :> i- rO i iPi nS;* (An - rib -\S>~r : : rfl : m t . UP3 jf Abstract The 1990 annual assessment of pulpwood production and receipts for the 14 states in the Northeast Region shows that total pulpwood production was down by less than 1 percent since 1989. Total production in 1990 was 9,489,500 cords. Roundwood production rose by less than 1 percent to 6,886,200 cords, and production of manufacturing residue chips for pulp declined by nearly 3 percent to 2,603,300 cords. Although the total consumption of pulpwood by mills in the Northeast Region was down slightly from the previous year, this was only the third year when total consumption exceeded 10 million cords. The harvesting of trees for pulpwood averaged 6 cubic feet of roundwood per acre of timberland across the region. The Author RICHARD H. WIDMANN, Forester, Forest Inventory and Analysis Unit, Northeast- ern Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Radnor, Pennsylvania. Manuscript received for publication 24 February 1992 Northeastern Forest Experiment Station 5 Radnor Corporate Center 100 Matsonford Road, Suite 200 P.O. Box 6775 Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087-4585 June 1992 Introduction year, down by less than 1 percent. Declines in Maine totaled 131,500 cords, or 3 percent. Since This annual report is based on a canvass of all Maine accounts for 42 percent of the pulpwood pro- pulpmills in the Northeast that use wood as a basic duction in the Northeastern Region, changes there raw material to make pulp for the production of pa- have a large effect on the region. This was the third per, insulation board, and hardboard products. consecutive year that production declined in Maine Shipments outside the Northeast Region are traced and the second year production fell in New Eng- by exchanging information with neighboring forest land. experiment stations that conduct similar canvasses, and by canvassing pulpmills in adjacent Canadian Among other major pulpwood producing states in the Northeast, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York provinces. experienced increased production, up by 6, 13, and The statistics for production are based on mill re- 1 percent respectively, In these states the produc- ceipts of roundwood and manufacturing plant tion of both roundwood and residues increased. residues.1 These receipts are subject to year-to- Production in Kentucky, West Virginia, and Mary- year fluctuations in wood inventory. Mill receipts of land declined 11, 6, and 1 percent, respectively. pulpwood from roundwood are reported by county Most of the drop in West Virginia can be attributed where harvested. However, pulpwood from plant to a decline in manufacturing residues being used for pulp, while most of the drop in Maryland and residues cannot be traced beyond the state where the residues were produced. Some of the logs from Kentucky can be attributed to a decrease in roundwood harvested for pulp. which the residues came probably were harvested in states other than the one in which they were Percent Change in Total Production processed. Therefore, the volume of pulpwood pro- Compared to 1989 duced from plant residues in a state may not be directly linked to the sawlog harvest for the state. Percent Percent Total Production Connecticut - 12 New Jersey > 100 Delaware + 38 New York + 1 Kentucky - 11 Ohio + 13 Pulpwood production in the 14 Northeastern States Maine - 3 Pennsylvania + 6 fell slightly during 1 990. After 4 consecutive years of Maryland - 1 Rhode Island - 40 increases, pulpwood production decreased by Massachusetts - 4 Vermont < 1 46,200 cords (four-tenths of one percent) from the New Hampshire - 3 West Virginia - 6 previous year (Fig. 1). All of the decrease was in the Roundwood production of pulpwood from residues, which were down by 72,300 cords. These manufacturing Roundwood production increased by four-tenths of residues which are used to make wood pulp, come primarily from sawmill slabs and edgings and ve- 1 percent to 6,886,200 cords. All ofthe increase can be attributed to an increase in the harvest of soft- neer cores. Production of roundwood, which is wood species, which rose to 3,114,400 cords (an wood coming directly from the forests, rose by increase of 47,600 cords). The production of round- 26,100 cords. Considering the weak prices for pa- wood from hardwood species declined to 3,771 ,800 per and uncertainty in the economy, 1990 pulp- cords (a decrease of 21,400 cords). The largest wood production held up surprisingly well. decrease in hardwood production was in Kentucky where hardwood roundwood production fell by a In the New England States, New Hampshirewasthe third. Increases in softwood production occurred in only state to record an increase in production in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Ohio, and 1990, up by 3 percent, or 19,900 cords. This was the Kentucky. The increases in these states more than 5th consecutive year of steady increases in the offset a 4-percent decrease in Maine's softwood state. Vermont production remained nearly un- harvest. changed from the record high of the previous The increase in softwood roundwood production was entirely dueto an increase in the harvest of pine species. The production of spruce and fir was down "•Definitions of terms used in this report are in the in the Northeast, although the harvest of spruce and Appendix. Note that whole-tree chips are included fir was up in Vermont, New Hampshire, and New as roundwood. York (all of the decline occurred in Maine). Produc- 1 TotaJ Production Roundwood Residue YEAR Figure 1.--Total roundwood, and manufacturing residue production in the Northeast, 1965-90. 2 tion from the hemlock and tamarack species group Across the entire Northeast, an average of 1 5.5 per- was almost unchanged with a one-tenth of one percent ofthe growth is harvested for pulp. These aver- cent decrease. The production of pulp from pine ages are broad measures of the growth and species reached a record high, now comprising 12 pulpwood removals in the Northeast. The actual percent (840,200 cords) of roundwood production. data for a specific area within a state may vary con- Some of this increase occurred in Kentucky and siderably. Removals for pulpwood represent only Ohio, where more pine plantations are reaching har- part of the total removals. It does not include re- vestable size. movals for sawlogs that vary across the region. Chips from Manufacturing Residues Appendix Manufacturing residue chips accounted for 27 per- Definition of Terms cent of the total pulpwood production. In 1990 the production of residue chips for pulp fell by almost 3 Cord. See Standard cord. percent. The portion from softwood species was down by 9 percent and the portion from hardwoods Cord equivalent. A unit of measure applied to forms was up by 2 percent. Softwood residue production of wood other than roundwood, such as chips, is concentrated in the New England states, with slabs, edgings, and other manufacturing residues, most of the decrease occurring in Maine. About and equal to 85 cubic feet of solid wood, or 1 cord. two-thirds of the residue chips produced in the Northeast arefrom hardwoods. These are a byprod- Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad- uct of the extensive hardwood lumber industry in leaved and deciduous. the region. Major hardwood residue producing states are: Kentucky,New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Manufacturingplantresidues. Wood materials, such and West Virginia. In Kentucky, residues are the as sawmill slabs and edgings, sawdust, veneer clip- source of two-thirds of the pulpwood produced. pings and cores, post and pole trimming, and pulp screening generated from the manufacture of Consumption roundwood products. Consumption of pulpwood at Northeastern pulp- Pulpwood. Roundwood, whole-tree chips, or manu- millstotaled 1 million cords in 1 990. This was down facturing plant residues that are used for the pro- slightly from the previous year, but still only the third duction of wood pulp. year when consumption exceeded 10 million cords, Most of the decrease can be attributed to a reduc- Pulpwood production. Roundwood and manufac- tion of shipments into the region. In 1 990, the north- turing plant residues used to make up wood pulp. east pulpmills consumed more than 1/2 million These are either harvested or generated in the state ccrds more than were produced in the region; 1.1 or region. million cords were shipped into the region and almost 600,000 cords were shipped out ofthe region. Pulpwood receipts. Pulpwood received at wood- pulp mills. These can originate from outside the Harvesting Intensity state or region. The average pulpwood removed per acre oftimber- Pulpwood imports. Pulpwood receipts originating land in a state indicates pulpwood harvesting inten- from outside the Northeast (14-state region). sity. Maine had the highest pulpwood harvest rates in the Northeast with an average of 17 cubic feet of Roundwood products. Logs, bolts, total-tree chips, roundwood harvested per acre of timberland. New mine timbers, fenceposts, poles, and similar timber Hampshire and Vermont also have high harvest products generated by harvesting trees for industri- rates, each with approximately 8 cubic feet harvest- al or consumer use. ed per acre compared with Pennsylvania's 4 cubic feet and Kentucky's 1 cubic foot. Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen with needles or scalelike leaves. The average net annual growth on timberland in the Northeast is roughly 38 cubic feet of growing-stock Standard cord. A unit of measure for stacked bolts volume per acre. The percentage of this average of wood, encompassing 128 cubic feet of wood, growth being used for pulpwood roundwood bark, and air space. In the Northeast, the measure ranges from 46 in Maine to zero in Rhode Island. refers to a stack of wood containing 85 cubic feet, 3 or2.41 cubic meters, ofsolid wood. Astandard cord commonly is referred to as a cord, as in this report. az e \z -aze This is notthe same as aface cord, commonly used in firewood marketing. 6. Pulpwood chip receipts from manufacturing residues inthe Northeast, bystate, softwood and Timber products output. Production total from tim- hard-wood, and origin of shipment, 1990 10 ber harvest and plant byproducts. 7. Pulpwood production from roundwood re- Whole-tree chips. Unbarked wood chips generated ceived from states outside the Northeast, by from the aboveground portion of a tree, including state (or province) of origin and softwood and bolewood, limbs, and leaves. hardwood, 1990 11 8. Pulpwood chip receiptsfromwood-using man- Metric Equivalents ufacturing plants outsidethe Northeast, by state (or province) of origin and softwood and hard- One standard cord = 85 cubic feet (solid wood) wood, 1990 12 = 2.41 cubic meters (solid wood) 9. Pulpwood production from roundwood in the One cubicfoot = 28,317 cubic centimeters = 0.028 Northeast, by state and species group, 1990 13 . zJz ~e:e- : 10. Pulpwood production from roundwood in Kentucky and Ohio, by county and species group, 1990 14 Conversion Factors Used for Green Roundwood 11. Pulpwood production from roundwood in 1 ton spruce-fir = 0.5556 cord southern New England, by state, county, and = 1 ton hemlock-tamarack 0.5000 cord species group, 1990 17 1 ton pine (New England, New York, and Canada) = 0.5253 cord 1Z Pulpwood production from roundwood in 1 ton aspen-yellow-poplar = 0.5263 cord northern New England, by state, county, and 1 ton oak-hickory = 0.3571 cord species group, 1990 18 1 ton other hardwoods = 0.3846 cord 13. Pulpwood production from roundwood in New York, by county and species group, 1990 20 Index to Tables 14. Pulpwood production from roundwood in ~f.: f '. : zziT Pennsylvania, by county and species group, 1990 21 1. Total production of pulpwood inthe Northeast, by state and source, 1990 5 15. Pulpwood production from roundwood in Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey, by county 2. Production and receipts of pulpwood in the and species group, 1990 23 Northeast, bystateand softwood and hardwood, 1990 6 16. Pulpwood production from roundwood in West Virginia, by county and species group, 3. Pulpwood production from roundwood in the 1990 I 25 Northeast, by state, softwood and hardwood, and destination of shipment, 1990 7 17. Bark generated from roundwood pulpwood in the Northeast, by state and species group, 4. Pulpwood chip production from manufactur- 1990 26 ing residues in the Northeast, by state, softwood and hardwood, and destination of shipment, 18. Harvest intensity: pulpwood roundwood re- 1990 8 movals per acre of timberland in the Northeast, 1990 27 5. Pulpwood receipts from roundwood in the Northeast, by state, softwood and hardwood, and origin of shipment, 1990 9 - 1 — Table Total production of pulpwood in the Northeast, by state 1 . and source, 1990 3 (In thousands of standard cords) From From manufacturing From all State roundwood residues sources Connecticut 3-7 1.5 5.2 Delaware 28.8 4.5 33-3 Kentucky- 174.6 352.2 526.8 Maine 3,335.6 684.8 4,020.4 Maryland 178.2 119.7 297.9 Massachusetts 21 .U 1o; . B: 34.o New Hampshire 468.6 199.5 668.1 New Jersey •yn .y New York 762.8 148.4 911 .2 Ohio 379.8 331 .3 711 .1 Pennsylvania 771 .2 442.0 ,213.2 1 Rhode Island 5.7 5.7 Vermont 421 .6 62.8 484.4 West Virginia 339.4 237. 576.5 Total 2 00 9,489.5 i• i a Rough wood basis, equivalent to 85 ft solid wood. 11 — Table 2. Production and receipts of pulpwood in the Northeast, by state and softwood and hardwood, 1990 (In thousands of standard cords) Produced in state Received in state Net State export(+ ) Softwood Hardwood Softwood Hardwood import(-) Connecticut 3-7 1.5 +5.2 Delaware 29.8 3.5 +33.3 Kentucky 59.2 467.6 115.7 900.6 -489.5 Maine 2,533.6 1 ,486.8 2,921 .9 1 ,792.6 -694. Maryland 171.0 126.9 (D) (D) -256.2 Massachusetts 24.3 10.5 +34.8 New Hampshire 359.2 308.9 142.7 367.5 +157.9 New Jersey .9 +.9 New York 399.5 511.7 566.7 428.0 -83.5 Ohio 64.2 646.9 76.6 702.6 -68. Pennsylvania 73.2 140.0 223.4 ,216.3 -226.5 1 , 1 Rhode Island .8 4.9 +5.7 Vermont 280.6 203.8 '(D) (D) -484.4 West Virginia 80.0 496.5 +576.5 Total 4,080.0 5,409.5 4,268.5 5,740.2 -519.2 (D)-Data withheld to avoid disclosure for individual mills.