Pulmonary Immunotoxicology PDF
Preview Pulmonary Immunotoxicology
PULMONARY IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY PULMONARY IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY Edited by Mitchell D. Cohen Judith T. Zelikoff Richard B. Schlesinger New York University School of Medicine Department of Environmental Medicine Tuxedo, New York, U.S.A . .... " Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pulmonary immunotoxicology / edited by Mit.chell D. Cohen, Judith T. Zelikoff, Richard B. Schlesinger. p.;cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-7046-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-4535-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4535-4 1.Pulmonary toxicology. 2. Immunotoxicology. 3. Respiratory allergy. 1. Cohen, Mit.chell D., 1959- n. Zelikoff, Judith T. m. Schlesinger, Richard B. [DNLM: 1. Lung-drug effects. 2. Air Pollutants-adverse effects. 3. Immune System-drug effects. 4. Lung-immunology. WF 600 P98349 2000] RC720 .P852ooo 616.2' 407-dc21 00-030161 Copyright O 2000 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 2000 AlI rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Printed on acid-Iree pap er. DEDICATION I dedicate this book to the memory of my companions Vaska, Whitey, and Bebe. M.D.C. This book is dedicated to the research assistants and graduate students who helped build my laboratory. I also dedicate this book to my Mother and Sister who have always believed in me and provided support and encouragement during difficult times. J.T.Z. To my grandson Jack and the next generation of toxicologists. R.B.S. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Contributors ............................................................................ .ix Preface ................................................................................................ xi Editors Profiles ................................................................................. xiii Section I. The Respiratory Tract Chapter 1 Comparative Structure of the Respiratory Tract: Airway Architecture in Humans and Animals ....................................................................... l Jack R. Harkema, Charles G. Plopper, and Kent E. Pinkerton Chapter 2 Immunology of the Respiratory Tract.. .............................................. 61 Robert W. Lange and Meryl H. Karol Chapter 3 Disposition of Inhaled Particles and Gases ........................................ 85 Richard B. Schlesinger Section II. Adverse Effects of Altered Pulmonary Immunity Chapter 4 Hypersensitivity and Asthma ...........................................................1 07 M. Ian Gilmour Chapter 5 Inflammation and Fibrosis ............................................................... 127 David J. P. Bassett and Deepak K. Bhalla Chapter 6 Pulmonary Autoimmunity and Inflammation .................................. 153 Thomas M. Jeitner and David Lawrence Section III. Immunotoxicants Chapter 7 Biological Agents ............................................................................. 181 Robert L. Sherwood Chapter 8 Pesticides, Solvents, and Polycyclic Agents .................................... 199 Kathleen E. Rodgers viii Pulmonary Immunotoxicology Chapter 9 Beryllium. ......................................................................................... 213 Gregory L. Finch Chapter 10 Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, and NickeL .................................. 241 Leigh Ann Bums-Naas Chapter 11 Other Metals: Aluminum, Copper, Manganese, Selenium, Vanadium, and Zinc ......................................................................... 267 Mitchell D. Cohen Chapter 12 Ozone ................................................................................................ 301 Lisa K. Ryan Chapter 13 Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides ............................................................. 337 Richard B. Schlesinger, Lung-Chi Chen, and Judith T. Zelikoff Chapter 14 Asbestos and Silica .......................................................................... 353 David B. Warheit Chapter 15 Woodsmoke, Kerosene Heater Emissions, and Diesel Exhaust. ............................................................................................ 369 Judith T. Zelikoff Chapter 16 Tobacco Smoke ............................................................................... 387 Donald E. Gardner Section IV. Risk Assessment Chapter 17 Applying Pulmonary Immunotoxicity Data to Risk Assessment. .. .411 Mary Jane K. Selgrade Chapter 18 Biomarkers of Pulmonary Immunologic Responses ...................... .433 Andrea K. Hubbard Index ................................................................................................. 455 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS David .I.P. Bassett, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI42807 Deepak K. Bhalla, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 42807 Leigh Ann Burns-Naas, Toxicology and Product Safety, Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI 48611 Lung-Chi Chen, New York University School of Medicine, Depart ment of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, New York 10987 Mitchell D. Cohen, New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, New York 10987 Gregory L. Finch, Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, PO Box 5890, Albuquerque, NM 87185 Donald E. Gardner, Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 97605, Raleigh, NC 27624-7605 M. Ian Gilmour, Immunotoxicology Branch, Experimental Toxicol ogy Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 .lack R. Harkema, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Andrea K. Hubbard, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269- 2092 Thomas M . .leitner, Laboratory of Environmental and Clinical Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-509 Meryl H. Karol, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 260 Kappa Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 x Pulmonary Immunotoxicology Robert W. Lan2e, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 260 Kappa Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 David Lawrence, Laboratory of Environmental and Clinical Immu nology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-509 Kent E. Pinkerton, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Charles G. Plopper, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Kathleen E. Rod2ers, University of Southern California, Livingston Research Institute, 1321 North Mission Road, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Lisa K. Ryan, Immunotoxicology Branch, National Health and Envi ronmental Effects Research Laboratory, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Richard B. Schlesin2er, New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, New York 10987 MaryJane K. Sel2rade, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Robert L. Sherwood, Microbiology and Immunology Division, liT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616 David B. Warheit, DuPont Haskell Laboratory, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19714 Judith T. Zelikoff, New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, New York 10987 PREFACE Within the toxicological sciences, pulmonary toxicology has been recognized as a specialized field of study for more than forty years, and immunotoxicology has been expanding since its inception in the early 1970s as a separate area of research. With increasing efforts in both areas, it is not unexpected that there would be a convergence of the two in the researchers' quests to understand how inhaled toxins and toxicants can affect human health. The area of pulmonary immunotoxicology has been very active over the past decade in attempting to elucidate how workplace and general environmental agents can produce changes in immunological function in the respiratory tract that may allow for alterations in health status. The purpose of this book is to provide the Reader, in a single voluume, information concerning the effects of various inhaled materials upon the immune system of the respiratory tract. The book will be useful both to investigators in the field of pulmonary toxicology and immunotoxicology, as well as to those involved in administration and regulation of matters related to inhaled materials. It can also serve as a textbook for a course in pulmonary immuno toxicology at the graduate or advanced undergraduate level. The book is comprised of four sections. The first provides basic background concepts essential for understanding pulmonary immuno toxicology. This includes discussions of the normal structure and function of the respiratory system, its basic immunology, and the manner by which inhaled particles and gases are removed from the air and deposit upon respiratory tract surfaces. The second section pro vides an overview of the major types of pathological consequences which can arise from immunomodulation within the respiratory tract. These include hypersensitivity and asthma, inflammation and fibrosis, and immunosuppression and autoimmunity. The third section, which comprises the largest portion of the book, deals specifically with major classes of airborne agents that are known to alter immune function of the respiratory tract. These are arranged into major classes, i.e., organic agents, metals, gases, particles, biologics, and complex mixtures. The fourth and final section explores the area of risk assessment. This includes discussions of the basic concepts of risk assessment as they apply specifically to immunotoxicologic effects upon the lungs, and the use of biomarkers as indices of potential pulmonary immunotoxic responses to inhaled materials. This is the first book which attempts to consolidate information evolving from the rapidly expanding field of pulmonary immuno toxicology. As such, it is a valuable resource to those actively engaged in research in this area, as well as to those who may be thinking of entering the field. Because the book provides current information about many diverse agents in one readily accessible site, it may allow for some heretofore unseen linkages, such as mecha- xii Pulmonary Immunotoxicology nisms of action, to be made between these varied agents. Thus, the book is not only a review of what has been seen in the past, but also provides a starting point for what could be research agendas for the future. Mitchell D. Cohen Judith T. Zelikoff Richard B. Schlesinger Tuxedo, New York
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