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Pulmonary Disease Pathology, Radiology, Bronchoscopy Carol Farver Subha Ghosh Thomas Gildea Charles D. Sturgis 123 Pulmonary Disease Carol Farver • Subha Ghosh Thomas Gildea • Charles D. Sturgis Pulmonary Disease Pathology, Radiology, Bronchoscopy Carol Farver, MD Subha Ghosh, MD, MBA Department of Pathology Department of Diagnostic Radiology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH Cleveland, OH USA USA Thomas Gildea, MD Charles D. Sturgis, MD Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine Pathology Cleveland Clinic Mayo Clinic Cleveland, OH Rochester, MN USA USA ISBN 978-3-030-47597-0 ISBN 978-3-030-47598-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47598-7 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This book was born out of the case-based discussions of a team of pulmonologists, radiologists, and pathologists at the Cleveland Clinic over the past 5 years. Meeting weekly to seek solutions for our most perplexing patients, we found ourselves increasingly grappling with diagnostic and therapeutic puzzles that were best solved by the collective wisdom of our multidisciplinary group. In conference after confer- ence, it became apparent that we did the best for our patients when we talked with, and learned from, each other. As our discussions became increasingly rich and sophisticated, we concluded that the world needed a book that brought together the essential clinical, radiologic, and pathologic insights for the major diseases of the lung. This is that book. Pulmonary Disease: Pathology, Radiology, Bronchoscopy is divided into 24 chapters. Chapter 1 briefly reviews the technologies employed by each discipline. Chapters 2–24 are organized around disease entities, presenting the essentials of the clinical, imaging, and pathologic features of each. The topics are presented in out- line form, providing easy access to the essential facts with plentiful figures to beau- tifully illustrate those facts. Among these illustrations is a collection of state-of-the-art bronchoscopic images showing the airway manifestations of the diseases, as well as a set of unique images generated by cutting-edge radiologic technologies. The pathology sections present a spectrum of specimens ranging from large resections to small biopsies and cytologic preparations, spotlighting the architectural and cel- lular features of the pathology. The essential histochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular technologies are discussed, the tools needed to facilitate the most specific diagnoses and thus the most appropriate therapies. This book is intended for clinicians who diagnose and treat lung diseases, what- ever their discipline and level of training. It covers the essential information for the most common pulmonary diseases as well as many of the rarer ones. It should be a rich resource for those in need of a board review or a quick update. Pulmonologists will find the imaging and pathologic descriptions helpful to correlate to their clini- cal impressions. Pathologists and radiologists will find clinical pearls that put their diagnoses into context. Finally, although the information for the various entities v vi Preface cannot be exhaustive, each chapter provides a list of suggested references to guide further reading. We gratefully acknowledge everyone at Springer for their unwavering support even when deadlines came and went under the pressure of our busy clinical sched- ules. In particular, we would like to thank our team of editors, most notably the incomparable Stephanie Frost, whose optimistic attitude kept us going when we weren’t sure we could. Thanks to Lillie Mae Gaurano for her steadfast support throughout and to Richard Hruska for his enthusiastic commitment to seeing this project through to the end. We stand in debt to our colleagues at the Cleveland Clinic for inspiring us through their dedication to providing outstanding patient care every day. Finally, to our families we offer our gratitude and love for making all of this and more possible. Cleveland, OH, USA Carol Farver, MD Cleveland, OH, USA Subha Ghosh, MD, MBA Cleveland, OH, USA Thomas Gildea, MD Rochester, MN, USA Charles D. Sturgis, MD Contents 1 Introduction to Multidisciplinary Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.1 Chest X-Ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.2 Chest Computerized Tomography Scans (Chest CT Scans) 4 1.2.3 CT Pulmonary Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.4 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.1 Surgical Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.2 Cytopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 Benign Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1 Hamartoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2 Sclerosing Pneumocytoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 Alveolar Adenoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4 Papillary Adenoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 vii viii Contents 2.5 Solitary Papilloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.5.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.5.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.5.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.5.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3 Salivary Gland-Like Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.1.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4 Common Non-Small Cell Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1 Adenocarcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.1.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.2.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.3 Adenosquamous Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.3.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.3.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.4 Large Cell Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5 Small Cell Carcinoma and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.1 Small Cell Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Contents ix 5.1.2 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.1.3 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.1.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.2 Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2.2 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2.3 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6 Carcinoid Tumors and Diffuse Idiopathic Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.1 Typical and Atypical Carcinoid Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.1.2 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.1.3 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 6.1.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6.2 DIPNECH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.2.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.2.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.2.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 7 Sarcomatoid Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.1 Pleomorphic, Spindle Cell, and Giant Cell Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.1.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.1.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.1.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.2 Carcinosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 7.2.1 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 7.2.2 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 7.2.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 8 Mesenchymal Tumors of the Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.1 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.1.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.1.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.2 Angiosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8.2.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8.2.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8.2.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 8.3 Kaposi Sarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 8.3.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 8.3.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 x Contents 8.3.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 8.3.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 8.4 Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8.4.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8.4.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8.4.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 8.5 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 8.5.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 8.5.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 8.5.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 8.6 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 8.6.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 8.6.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8.6.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 9 Lymphoproliferative Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9.1 Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa- Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT Lymphoma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9.1.2 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9.1.3 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 9.1.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 9.2 Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 9.2.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 9.2.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 9.2.3 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 9.3 Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 9.3.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 9.3.2 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 9.3.3 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 9.3.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 10 Tumors of the Pleura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 10.1 Diffuse Malignant Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 10.1.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 10.1.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 10.1.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 10.1.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 10.2 Solitary Fibrous Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 10.2.1 Clinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 10.2.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 10.2.3 Bronchoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 10.2.4 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

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