Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring

278 Pages·2011·32.46 MB·English

Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring—
Proceedings of a State of the Science Workshop,
May 2009
Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5254
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
Cover: Photograph showing timber pile bulkheads built to protect residential property
from erosion. Ledgewood Beach on the west side of Whidbey Island. Photograph taken
by Hugh Shipman, Washington Department of Ecology.
Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of
Armoring—Proceedings of a State of the
Science Workshop, May 2009
Edited by
Hugh Shipman, Washington State Department of Ecology;
Megan N. Dethier, University of Washington;
Guy Gelfenbaum, U.S. Geological Survey;
Kurt L. Fresh, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and
Richard S. Dinicola, U.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5254
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior
KEN SALAZAR, Secretary
U.S. Geological Survey
Marcia K. McNutt, Director
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010
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Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to
reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.
Suggested citation:
Enitre publication
Shipman, H., Dethier, M.N., Gelfenbaum, G., Fresh, K.L., and Dinicola, R.S., eds., 2010, Puget Sound Shorelines
and the Impacts of Armoring—Proceedings of a State of the Science Workshop, May 2009: U.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5254, 266 p.
Example for section within the publication
Quinn, T., 2010, An environmental and historical overview of the Puget Sound rcosystem, in Shipman, H., Dethier,
M.N., Gelfenbaum, G., Fresh, K.L., and Dinicola, R.S., eds., 2010, Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts
of Armoring—Proceedings of a State of the Science Workshop, May 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific
Investigations Report 2010–5254, p. 11-18.
iii
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the efforts of the many people and agencies that
contributed to the success of the workshop and to the preparation of these Proceedings. The
steering committee particularly wishes to thank the many experts who contributed their time,
presented their work and ideas, participated in discussions, and prepared papers.
Workshop logistics, including facility and travel arrangements, were exceptional thanks
to the efforts of Lan Nguyen and Kristen Kerns (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). Our record
of the workshop was made possible by the careful notes of Marijke van Heeswijk (USGS) and
Jill Coyle (UW). We thank Curtis Tanner (WDFW) for providing the closing summary, Tom
Mumford (DNR) for organizing the field trip observations, and the Puget Sound Partnership for
organizing the public forum following the workshop. The workshop would not have occurred
without the vision and support of Tim Smith (WDFW) and Bernie Hargrave (USACE).
We thank the Suquamish Tribe for allowing access to their lands on Agate Passage and
we appreciate Paul Dorn and tribal members for sharing their knowledge of both that site
and of Puget Sound. We owe a strong debt of gratitude to Peter Namtvedt Best of the City of
Bainbridge Island, not only for providing a crucial local government perspective, but for his
improvisation when vessel engine failures and bad weather forced last minute changes to the
field trip.
The editors of these Proceedings recognize that rigorous peer review is essential to
producing a credible, high quality publication and we thank the many regional and national
experts who volunteered valuable and often considerable time to provide thoughtful and
constructive comments. We greatly appreciate the expertise of the publications staff at
the Tacoma Publishing Service Center for making this document not only possible, but
professional. We also thank Bobbie Jo Richey and William Gibbs of the USGS for their fine
work in creating and maintaining the workshop website.
The Workshop and Proceedings were supported through a Planning Assistance to States
letter agreement between the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife and the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District. Additional support for publication and printing of
the Proceedings was through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10.
Steering Committee
Hugh Shipman, Washington Department of Ecology
Brenda Bachman, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Randy Carman, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
Megan N. Dethier, University of Washington
Kurt L. Fresh, NOAA
Guy Gelfenbaum, U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers
Washington Department
of Fish and Wildlife
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v
Contents
Puget Sound Shoreline Armoring: State of the Science Workshop
By Hugh Shipman, Guy Gelfenbaum, Megan N. Dethier, and Kurt L.. Fresh .........................1
Puget Sound Setting and Context
An Environmental and Historical Overview of the Puget Sound Ecosystem.
By Timothy Quinn ............................................................................................................................11
The Geomorphic Setting of Puget Sound: Implications for Shoreline Erosion
and the Impacts of Erosion Control Structures. By Hugh Shipman .......................................19
Overview of the Ecology of Puget Sound Beaches. By Megan N. Dethier ........................................35
Shoreline Development on Puget Sound. By Doug Myers ...................................................................43
Regulating Shoreline Armoring in Puget Sound. By Randy Carman, Kathy Taylor, and
Peter Skowlund...............................................................................................................................49
National Perspective and Human Dimensions
Mitigating the Effects of Bulkheads on the Bay Shore of Fire Island National Seashore.
By Karl F. Nordstrom, Nancy L. Jackson, and Patricia Rafferty .............................................57
Shoreline Armoring Impacts and Management along the Shores of Massachusetts and
Kauai, Hawaii. By James F. O’Connell .........................................................................................65
The Effects of Armoring Shorelines—The California Experience. By Gary B. Griggs .....................77
A Report from the National Research Council: Mitigating Shore Erosion Along
Sheltered Coasts. By Susan Roberts ..........................................................................................85
Developing Alternative Shoreline Armoring Strategies: the Living Shoreline Approach in
North Carolina. By C.A. Currin, W.S. Chappell, and A. Deaton ...............................................91
Human Dimensions of Nearshore Restoration and Shoreline Armoring, with
Application to Puget Sound. By Thomas M. Leschine ...........................................................103
Coastal Geologic and Oceanographic Processes
“Design with Nature” Strategies for Shore Protection: The Construction of a
Cobble Berm and Artificial Dune in an Oregon State Park. By Paul D. Komar
and Jonathan C. Allan .................................................................................................................117
Gravel Transport and Morphological Response on a Supply-Limited Beach, Point White,
Bainbridge Island. By Phil Osborne, Greg Curtiss, and Jessica Côté .................................127
Assessing Littoral Sediment Supply (Feeder Bluffs) and Beach Condition in King
and Southern Snohomish Counties, Puget Sound, Washington.
By Jim Johannessen....................................................................................................................135
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Contents—Continued
Beach Processes and Ecological Response
Biological Effects of Shoreline Armoring in Puget Sound: Past Studies and Future
Directions for Science. By Casimir A. Rice .............................................................................155
Fish and Invertebrate Response to Shoreline Armoring and Restoration in
Puget Sound. By Jason D. Toft, Jeffery R. Cordell, Sarah M. Heerhartz,
Elizabeth A. Armbrust, and Charles A. Simenstad ..................................................................161
Anticipated Effects of Sea Level Rise in Puget Sound on Two Beach-Spawning Fishes.
By Kirk L. Krueger, Kenneth B. Pierce, Jr., Timothy Quinn, and Daniel E. Penttila ............171
Impacts of Shoreline Armoring on Sediment Dynamics. By Peter Ruggiero ..................................179
Ecological Effects of Coastal Armoring: A Summary of Recent Results for Exposed Sandy
Beaches in Southern California. By Jenifer E. Dugan and David M. Hubbard ..................187
Armoring of Estuarine Shorelines and Implications for Horseshoe Crabs on Developed
Shorelines in Delaware Bay. By Nancy L. Jackson, Karl F. Nordstrom, and
David R. Smith ...............................................................................................................................195
Management Needs
Developing a Guidance Document for Puget Sound Marine Shorelines. By Bob Barnard ..........205
Considerations for Puget Sound Restoration Programs That Restore Beach Ecosystems.
By Paul R. Cereghino ...................................................................................................................213
Summary of Discussions from Breakout Groups
By Megan N. Dethier, Guy Gelfenbaum, and Charles A. Simenstad ...................................221
Appendix A. Conference Attendees ..........................................................................................229
Appendix B. Puget Sound Shoreline Field Trip: Kitsap County and
Bainbridge Island. By Hugh Shipman ................................................................................231
Appendix C. Review of Shoreline Armoring Literature
By Jill M. Coyle and Megan N. Dethier ....................................................................................245
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Conversion Factors
Inch/Pound to SI
Multiply By To obtain
Length
inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm)
inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)
foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)
mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)
yard (yd) 0.9144 meter (m)
Area
square foot (ft2) 0.09290 square meter (m2)
Flow rate
foot per year (ft/yr) 0.3048 meter per year (m/yr)
SI to Inch/Pound
Multiply By To obtain
Length
centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.)
millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.)
meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft)
kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi)
Area
hectare (ha) 2.471 acre
square meter (m2) 10.76 square foot (ft2)
hectare (ha) 0.003861 square mile (mi2)
square kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile (mi2)
Volume
cubic meter (m3) 0.0008107 acre-foot (acre-ft)
Flow rate
cubic meter per year (m3/yr) 0.000811 acre-foot per year (acre-ft/yr)
meter per second (m/s) 3.281 foot per second (ft/s)
meter per day (m/d) 3.281 foot per day (ft/d)
meter per year (m/yr) 3.281 foot per year ft/yr)
millimeter per year (mm/yr) 0.03937 inch per year (in/yr)
Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:
°F=(1.8×°C)+32.
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:
°C=(°F-32)/1.8.
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