Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Fifth Edition

467 Pages·2001·18.105 MB·English

by  American Psychological Association

Publication
anua
of the American Psychological Association
Fifth Edition
American Psychological Association • Washington, DC
Copyright © 2001 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.
Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Fifth Printing October2 002
Sixth Printing July 2003
Published by
American Psychological Association
750 First Street, NE
Washington, DC 20002-4242
www.apa.org
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Typeset in Minion Display Regular and Memphis by EPS Group Inc., Easton, MD
Printer: Automated Graphic Systems, White Plains, MD
Cover Designer: Naylor Design, Washington, DC
Interior Designer: Anne Masters Design, Washington, DC
Technical/Production Editor: Catherine Hudson
Supervisor, Technical Editing and Design: Christina Davis
Copyeditor: Kathryn Hyde Loomis
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association.-5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-55798-790-4 (acid-free paper). - ISBN l-55798-791-2 (pbk: acid-free
paper). - ISBN l-55798-810-2 (wir-o: acid-free paper)
1. Psychology--Authorship-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Social sciences-
Authorship-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Psychological literature-Publishing
Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Social science literature-Publishing-Handbooks,
manuals, etc. I. American Psychological Association.
BF76.7 .P83 2001
808'.06615-dc21 2001022631
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
Printed in the UnitedS tates of America
Contents
List of Tables, Table Examples, Figures, and Figure Examples xv
Preface xix
Introduction xxm
Organization of the Fifth Edition xx1v
Specific Style Changes in the Fifth Edition xxv1
How to Use the PublicationM anual xxv1
1 Content and Organization of a Manuscript 3
Quality of Content 4
1.01 Designinga nd ReportingR esearch5
1.02 EvaluatingC ontent 5
Characteristics of Articles 6
1.03 Authorship 6
1.04 Typeso f Articles 7
1.05 Length, Headings,a nd Tone 9
Parts of a Manuscript 10
1.06 Title Page 10
1.07 Abstract 12
1.08 Introduction 15
1.09 Method 17
1.10 Results 20
1.11 Discussion2 6
1.12 Multiple Experiments 27
1.13 References2 8
1.14 Appendix 28
V
1.15 Author Note 29
Quality of Presentation 29
2 ExpressingI deas and Reducing Bias in Language 31
Writing Style 31
2.01 OrderlyP resentationo f Ideas 32
2.02 Smoothnesso f Expression3 4
2.03 Economyo f Expression3 4
2.04 Precisiona nd Clarity 36
2.05 Strategiest o Improve Writing Style 40
Grammar 40
2.06 Verbs4 1
2.07 Agreemento f Su~;ecta nd Verb 44
2.08 Pronouns 47
2.09 Misplaceda nd DanglingM odifiersa nd Use of Adverbs 50
2.10 RelativeP ronounsa nd SubordinateC onjunctions5 4
2.11 ParallelC onstruction 57
2.12 LinguisticD evices 61
Guidelines to Reduce Bias in Language 61
Guideline1 : Describea t the appropriatel evel of specificity6 2
Guideline2 : Be sensitivet o labels 63
Guideline3 : Acknowledgep articipation 65
2.13 Gender 66
2.14 Sexual Orientation 67
2.15 Racial and Ethnic Identity 67
2.16 Disabilities6 9
2.17 Age 69
3 APA Editorial Style 77
Punctuation 78
3.01 Period 78
3.02 Comma 78
3.03 Semicolon Bo
3.04 Colon Bo
CONTENTS
3.05 Dash 81
3.06 QuotationM arks 82
3.07 Parentheses8 4
3.08 Brackets8 6
3.09 Slash 87
Spelling 89
3.10 PreferredS pelling 89
3.11 Hyphenation 89
Capitalization 94
3.12 WordsB eginninga Sentence 94
3.13 Major Wordsi n Titlesa nd Headings 95
3.14 ProperN ouns and TradeN ames 96
3.15 Nouns Followedb y Numeralso r Letters 97
3.16 Titles of Tests 98
3.17 Names of Conditionso r Groupsi n an Experiment 99
3,18 Names of Factors,V ariablesa, nd Effects9 9
Italics 100
3.19 ItalicizingW ords 100
Abbreviations 103
3.20 Use of Abbreviations1 03
3.21 Explanationo f Abbreviations1 04
3.22 AbbreviationsA ccepteda s Words 105
3.23 AbbreviationsU sedO ften in APA Journals 105
3.24 Latin Abbreviations1 06
3.25 ScientificA bbreviations1 06
3.26 Other Abbreviations1 09
3.27 Use of PeriodsW ith Abbreviations1 10
3.28 Pluralso f Abbreviations1 10
3.29 AbbreviationsB eginninga Sentence 111
Headings and Series 111
3.30 Organizinga ManuscriptW ith Headings 111
3.31 Levelso f Heading 113
3.32 Selectingt he Levelso f Heading 114
3.33 Seriation 115
CONTENTS VII
Quotations 117
3.34 Quotation of Sources1 17
3.35 Accuracy1 18
3.36 Double or Single QuotationM arks 119
3.37 ChangesF rom the SourceR equiringN o Explanation 119
3.38 ChangesF rom the SourceR equiringE xplanation 119
3.39 Citation of Sources1 20
3.40 Citations Within Quotations 121
3.41 Permissiont o Quote 121
Numbers 122
3.42 Numbers Expressedi n Figures1 22
3.43 Numbers Expressedi n Words 125
3.44 CombiningF iguresa nd Wordst o ExpressN umbers 127
3.45 OrdinalN umbers 128
3.46 Decimal Fractions1 28
3.47 Roman Numerals 129
3.48 Commas in Numbers 129
3.49 Pluralso f Numbers 130
Metrication 130
3.50 Policyo n Metrication 130
3.51 Style for Metric Units 131
3.52 Metric Tables1 36
Statistical and Mathematical Copy 136
3.53 Selectingt he Method of Analysis and RetainingD ata 137
3.54 SelectingE ffectiveP resentation1 37
3.55 Referencefso r Statistics 137
3.56 Formulas 138
3.57 Statisticsi n Text 138
3.58 StatisticalS ymbols 139
3.59 Spacing,A lignment, and Punctuation 145
3.60 Equationsi n Text 146
3.61 DisplayedE quations 146
Tables 147
3.62 Tabular VersusT extualP resentation1 47
CONTENTS
3.63 Relation of Tablesa nd Text 154
3.64 Relation Between Tables1 55
3.65 TableN umbers 155
3.66 Table Titles 155
3.67 Headings 156
3.68 Body of a Table 159
3.69 PresentingD ata in SpecificT ypeso f Tables1 60
3.70 Notes to a Table 170
3.71 Ruling of Tables1 73
3.72 Size of Tables1 74
3.73 TablesF rom Another Source 174
3.74 TableC hecklist1 75
Figures 176
3.75 Decidingt o Use Figures1 76
3.76 Standardsf or Figures1 77
3.77 Typeso f Figures1 77
3.78 Line Art VersusH alftone 187
3.79 OverallS ize and Proportion1 88
3.80 Preparationo f Figures1 88
3.81 CreatingG raphs 195
3.82 UsingP hotographs1 97
3.83 Identifyinga nd Citing Figures1 98
3.84 FigureL egendsa nd Captions 199
3.85 Submitting Figures2 00
3.86 FigureC hecklist2 01
Footnotes and Notes 202
3.87 Footnotesi n Text 202
3.88 Notes to Tables2 03
3.89 Author Note 203
Appendixes 205
3.90 Identifying and Citing Appendixes 205
3.91 Body and Headings 206
3.92 Tablesa s Appendixes 206
3.93 Testsa nd Questionnaires2 06
CONTENTS IX
Reference Citations in Text 207
3.94 One Work by One Author 207
3.95 One Work by Multiple Authors 208
3.96 Groupsa s Authors 209
3.97 Works With No Author (IncludingL egalM aterials)o r With
an Anonymous Author 210
3.98 Authors With the Same Surname 211
3.99 Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses2 12
3.100 ClassicalW orks 213
3.101 SpecificP arts of a Source 213
3.102 PersonalC ommunications2 14
3.103 Citations in ParentheticaMl aterial 214
4 Reference List 215
4.01 Agreemento f Text and ReferenceL ist 215
4.02 Constructiono f an Accuratea nd CompleteR eference
List 216
4.03 APA Style 216
4.04 Order of Referencesin the ReferenceL ist 219
4.05 ReferencesI ncluded in a Meta-Analysis2 22
4.06 Introductiont o APA ReferenceS tyle 222
4.07 GeneralF orms 223
4.08 Authors 224
4.09 PublicationD ate 225
4.10 Title of Article or Chapter 226
4.11 Title of Work and PublicationI nformation:P eriodicals2 27
4.12 Title of Work:N onperiodicals2 28
4.13 Title of Work:P art of a Nonperiodical( Book Chapters) 229
4.14 PublicationI nformation:N onperiodicals2 30
4.15 RetrievalI nformation:E lectronicS ources2 31
4.16 Elementsa nd Exampleso f Referencesin APA Style 231
A. Periodicals2 39
B. Books,B rochuresa, nd Book Chapters 248
C. Technicala nd ResearchR eports 255
CONTENTS
D. Proceedingos f Meetingsa nd Symposia 259
E. DoctoralD issertationsa nd Master'sT heses 260
F. UnpublishedW ork and Publicationso f Limited
Circulation2 63
G. Reviews 264
H. AudiovisualM edia 266
I. ElectronicM edia 268
5 Manuscript Preparation and Sample Papers to Be Submitted for
Publication 283
The Author's Responsibilities 284
General Instructions for Preparing the Paper Manuscript 284
5.01 Paper 284
5.02 Typeface2 85
5.03 Double-Spacing2 86
5.04 Margins 286
5.05 Order of the ManuscriptP ages2 87
5.06 PageN umbers and ManuscriptP ageH eaders 288
5.07 Corrections2 88
5.08 Paragraphsa nd Indentation 289
5.09 Uppercasea nd LowercaseL etters 289
5.10 Headings 289
5.11 Spacinga nd Punctuation 290
5.12 Seriation 292
5.13 Quotations 292
5.14 Statisticala nd MathematicalC opy 293
Instructions for Typing the Parts of a Manuscript 296
5.15 Title Page 296
5.16 Abstract 298
5.17 Text 298
5,18 References2 99
5.19 Appendixes 299
5.20 Footnotesa nd Notes 300
5.21 Tablesa nd Table Titles,N otes, and Rules 301
CONTENTS XI
5.22 Figuresa nd FigureC aptions 302
5.23 SpellingC heck 302
5.24 SpecialI nstructionsf or Typesetting3 03
5.25 Number of Copies 303
5.26 CoverL etter 303
5.27 Contentso f Package3 04
5.28 Editor Acknowledgmenot f ManuscriptS ubmission 305
5.29 Interim Correspondenc3e0 5
Sample Paper and Outlines 305
6 Material Other Than Journal Articles 321
Theses, Dissertations, and Student Papers 321
6.01 Final Manuscript 321
6.02 Content Requirements3 22
6.03 ManuscriptP reparationR equirements3 24
Converting the Dissertation Into a Journal Article 326
6.04 Trimming the Length 327
6.05 Writing Style 328
6.06 Interpretationo f Data 328
Material for Oral Presentation 329
Material Published in Abbreviated Form 330
7 Manuscript Acceptance and Production 331
Transmitting the Accepted Manuscript for Production 332
7.01 CopyrightT ransfer,C ertificationo f Authorship,D isclosureo f
Interests,a nd Permissions3 32
7.02 Preparingt he Word-ProcessinFgi lef or Editing and
Typesetting3 33
7.03 Future Correspondenc3e 34
Reviewing the Copyedited Manuscript 335
7.04 PaperM anuscript 335
7.05 ElectronicM anuscript 336
Proofreading 336
7.06 ReadingP roofs 336
CONTENTS