Public Service Ethics: Individual and Institutional Responsibilities PDF
Preview Public Service Ethics: Individual and Institutional Responsibilities
Public Service Ethics Ethics—in all its exemplary and exhausting forms—matters. It deals with the most grip- ping question in public life: “What is the right thing to do?” Now in a thoroughly revised second edition, Public Service Ethics: Individual and Institutional Responsibilities introduces readers to this personally relevant and professionally challenging field of study. No matter the topic—the necessity of ethics, intriguing human behavior experiments, the role of ethics codes, whistleblowing incidents, corruption exposés, and the grandeur and decay of morality— there is no shortage of controversy. The book enables readers to: • appreciate why ethics is essential to leadership, • understand and apply moral development theory at the individual and organizational levels of analysis, • differentiate between ethical problems and ethical dilemmas, and design creative ways to deal with them, • develop abilities to use moral imagination and ethical reasoning—to appraise, argue, and defend an ethical position, and • cultivate individual and institutional initiatives to improve ethical climate and infrastructure. Authors James Bowman and Jonathan West capture reader interest by featuring learning objectives, skill- building material, discussion questions, and exercises in each chapter. The authors’ narrative is user- friendly and accessible, highlighting dilemmas and challenging readers to “own” the book by annotating the pages with one’s own ideas and insights, then interacting with others in a live or virtual classroom to stretch one’s thinking about the management of ethics and ethics of management. The ultimate goal is to bolster students’ confidence and prepare them for the ethical problems they will face in the future, equipping them with the conceptual frameworks and context to approach thorny questions and behave ethically. James S. Bowman is Professor and Director of the Masters of Public Administration Program at the Askew School of Public Administration and Policy, Florida State University, USA. Jonathan P. West is Professor and Chair of Political Science and Director of the Graduate Public Administration Program at the University of Miami, USA. “The second edition continues with the same comprehensive format and chapters, with lots of updated information and more developed insights on key theoretical topics. The authors offer many useful analytic tools and methods for engaging in ethical analysis, with numerous real-world examples and cases. Students will continue to find the book very useful.” – Richard Green, University of Utah, USA Public Service Ethics Individual and Institutional Responsibilities Second Edition James S. Bowman and Jonathan P. West RO Routledge U T LE Taylor & Francis Group D GENEW YORK LONDON Second edition published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of James S. Bowman and Jonathan P. West to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. [First edition published by CQ Press 2014] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bowman, James S., 1945- author. | West, Jonathan P. (Jonathan Page), 1941- author. Title: Public service ethics : individual and institutional responsibilities / James S. Bowman and Jonathan P. West. Description: Second Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | Previous edition: 2015. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017059733| ISBN 9781138578180 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138578197 (paperback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781351265126 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Civil service ethics. | Public administration--Moral and ethical aspects. | Political ethics. | Civil service ethics--United States. | Public administration--Moral and ethical aspects--United States. | Political ethics--United States. Classification: LCC JF1525.E8 B69 2018 | DDC 172/.2--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017059733 ISBN: 978- 1-138- 57818- 0 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1-138- 57819- 7 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1-351- 26512- 6 (ebk) Typeset in Minion Pro by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Visit the eResources: www.routledge.com/9781138578197 For Loretta JSB For Colleen JPW Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Contents List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiii PART I FOUNDATIONS OF PUBLIC SERVICE ETHICS 1 1. Pertinence, Practicality, and Poppycock 2 Pertinence: Reasons to Study Ethics 2 Personal 3 Pervasiveness 4 Professional 5 Power 5 Price of Ethical Pitfalls 9 Practicality: Commitment as a Privilege and Obligation 10 Poppycock: Myths About Ethics 10 Ethics as Impossible 10 Ethics as Unnecessary 12 Ethics as Simple 13 Conclusion 14 For Discussion 15 Exercises 16 References 19 Appendix 1.1 Personal Checklist 21 Appendix 1.2. Book Chapters and NASPAA Professional Competencies in Public Administration 23 2. Perspectives on Ethics: Macro, Meso, Micro 25 Levels of Analysis 25 Macro Level of Analysis: Historical Dimensions 27 The Study of Knowledge 27 Political History 29 Contemporary Research on Levels of Ethics 29 Meso Level of Analysis: The Organization 32 Micro Level of Analysis: The Individual 33 Factors Influencing Meso–Micro Ethics 35 Leadership 35 Strategic Policies 36 Organizational Culture 36 Individual Characteristics 38 viii Contents Case Study 2.1 The Pennsylvania State University Athletic Sex Abuse Scandal 38 Case Study 2.2 Ethical Dilemmas During the Grenfell Tower Fire 40 Conclusion 43 For Discussion 44 Exercises 45 References 45 3. Values, Ethics, and Dilemmas 49 Defining Values 49 Applying Values in Public Service 50 Exemplar Profile: Scooter Libby Compromising Values 51 Exemplar Profile: James Loy Embodying Values of Honor, Respect, Duty 52 Defining Ethics 54 Case Study 3.1 Challenge the Leader 55 Case Study 3.2 Hypocrisy or Humanity? 56 Domains of Human Action: Law vs. Free Choice 57 Social Forces Endangering Ethics 58 Conclusion 60 Case Study 3.3 Value Conflicts in World Affairs 60 Notes 62 For Discussion 62 Exercises 63 References 65 PART II INDIVIDUAL-CENTERED APPROACHES TO ETHICS 69 4. Moral Development Theory 70 Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory: A Rational Approach 70 Case Study 4.1 Applying Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development 73 Milgram’s Shock and Zimbardo’s Prison Experiments: Ethics Under Pressure 75 Milgram: Situation Ethics 75 Zimbardo: The Stanford Prison Experiment 76 Analysis 77 Haidt’s Social Intuitionalist Approach 78 Social Intuitionalism 79 Moral Foundations Theory 80 Conclusion 82 Notes 83 For Discussion 83 Exercises 84 References 87 5. Cognitive Ethics Methods: Result and Rule Problem-Solving Approaches 89 Approaches to Ethics 89 A Five-Stage Method for Analyzing Ethical Issues 90 Attention and Perception 90 Processing 90 Contents ix Action 91 Evaluation 94 Moral Courage 95 Case Study 5.1 Applying the Kew Gardens Principles 97 Applying the Five-Stage Method: A Personal and Professional Conflict 98 Conclusion 99 Notes 100 For Discussion 100 Exercises 101 References 105 Appendix 5.1 Sensitivity-Intensity Matrix Approach 107 Appendix 5.2 The Ethical Principles Approach 111 Case Study 5.2 Applying the Ethical Principles Approach: Playing Poker With a Vendor 111 Appendix 5.3 Line Drawing 114 Case Study 5.3 Applying the Line Drawing Method: A Questionable Gift 114 6. Virtue Theory 116 Comparing Cognitive and Virtue Ethics 116 The Vocabulary of Virtue 117 Exemplar Profile: Donna Shalala 120 Exemplar Profile: Cory Booker 122 Habituation: The Formation of Character 123 Virtue Theory Strengths and Weaknesses 125 Case Study 6.1 Applying Rion’s Ethical Decision-Making Framework: Probing the Conscience 126 Utility of Virtue Ethics for Managers: Challenge and Response 127 Conclusion 129 Notes 130 For Discussion 131 Exercises 132 References 133 7. Conscious Deliberation and Subconscious Action: The Dishonesty of Honest People 135 Results, Rule, Virtue: Decision Making With the Ethics Triad 136 Utilizing the Ethics Triad 137 Case Study 7.1 The Ethics Triad: Applying the Rational Approach to a Birthday Invitation 139 Behavioral Ethics: What People Do vs. What They Say They Do 141 Principles 143 Bounded Rationality/Bounded Ethicality 143 System 1/System 2 Thinking 143 Motivated Reasoning 144 Framing Effects 145 Bias and Decision-Making Errors 145 Monitoring and Sanctions 148 Organizational Context and Ethical Infrastructure 149 Countering Biases 149
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