Public Safety and Civil Liberties PDF
Preview Public Safety and Civil Liberties
PUBLIC SAFElY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES Also by Richard Clutterbuck AC ROSS THE RIVER (as Richard Jocelyn) THE LONG LONG WAR PROTEST AND THE URBAN GUERRILLA RIOT AND REVOLUTION IN SINGAPORE AND MALAYA LIVING WITH TERRORISM GUERRILLAS AND TERROR1STS KIDNAP AND RANSOM BRITAIN IN AGONY *THE MEDIA AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE *INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT AND DEMOCRACY CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE IN SINGAPORE AND MALAYSIA *THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE *KIDNAP, HIJACK AND EXTORTION TERRORISM AND GUERRILLA WARFARE TERRORISM, DRUGS AND CRIME IN EUROPE AFTER 1992 *INTERNATIONAL CRISIS AND CONFLICT TERRORISM IN AN UNSTABLE WORLD *DRUGS, CRIME AND CORRUPTION * Also published by Macmillan Public Safety and Civil Liberties Richard Clutterbuck Security and Political Risk Consultant, and Honora1)' Research Fellow University of Exeter Foreword by Sir Robert Mark, GBE, QPM formeri)' Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police © Richard Clutterbuck 1997 Foreword © Sir Robert Mark 1997 All rights reserved. No reproduction. copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. 90 Tottenham Court Road. London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal proseClltion and civil claims for damages. First published 1997 by MACMILLAN PRESS L TD Houndmills. Basingstoke. Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representati,·es throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-61186-9 ISBN 978-1-349-25366-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25366-1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 432 I 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 Contents List of Tables x Foreword by Sir Robert Mark xi Preface XIll List of Abbreviations xv PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Questions and Dilemmas 3 PART 11 CRIME AND ITS CAUSES 2 Patterns of Crime 11 The bottorn rungs of the crirne ladder 11 Organized crirne 12 Mafia-style crirne 13 The pattern of serious offences in Britain 15 Offen ces endangering life 18 3 Why Young People Turn to Crime 21 Good children, bad children 21 Aggression and civilization 22 Horne and school 24 Pre-school ca re 27 Truants and low achievers 28 Financing better education 31 Inequality 32 Unernployrnent 34 4 Drug Trafficking in the UK 37 Drug abuse and crirne 37 Irnporters and couriers 38 Distributors and dealers 41 Thinking the unthinkable 42 Tackling the tee nage rnarket 45 v VI Contents 5 Money Laundering 47 Fast moving cash 47 Shell companies and bank transfers 50 Fiscal havens 52 Measures to combat money laundering 53 Problems of confiscating assets 54 Attacking secret banking of criminal money 56 PART III INTELLIGENCE 6 Intelligence Organization and Background Intelligence 61 Sources of intelligence and civil liberties 61 The British intelligence organization 63 The central intelligence machinery 64 In telligence cooperation 66 Acquiring background intelligence 69 Technology and intelligence 70 7 Informants and Precise Intelligence 74 From background to precise information 74 Informants 75 Double agents 76 Recruiting and handling informants 79 Preven tion of abuse 82 8 Case Studies - Intelligence 85 Human and technical intelligence 85 Anti-drug intelligence 85 A 'buy bust' 88 Recruiting and handling informants in Malaya 90 Hor Lung 92 Peru: an intelligence success 94 PART IV CRIMINAL JUSTICE 9 Prevention of Terrorism 101 The Emergency Provisions Act and the 'Diplock Courts' 101 The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) 102 The Gardiner Report 103 Contents VB The Prevention of Terrorism Act 106 Extended detention 109 Powers of search 111 Withholding information 112 The future 114 10 Public Order 118 The right of assembly 118 Riot, violent disorder and affray 120 Provocation, harassment and incitement of racial hatred 121 Processions and assemblies 122 Trespassory assemblies 124 Picketing 126 Football hooIiganism 127 Product contamination 127 Striking the balance 129 11 Arrest and Interrogation 132 Spot checks, search and seizure 132 Iden tification 133 Detecting drugs and explosives 134 Arrest 134 Bail and remand in custody 135 Police detention 137 Interrogation and the right to silen ce 139 Video tapes of interrogation 141 12 Trial 143 Statements, confessions and the right to silen ce 143 Corroboration of evidence 147 Leniency following a plea of guilty 148 Money laundering and fraud 148 Disclosure of evidence before trial 149 Evidence of previous convictions 151 Crooked lawyers and bent coppers 152 13 Witnesses and Juries 158 Intimidation of witnesses 158 Protected witnesses and informants 159 Justice in the face of intimidation and corruption 162 Use of videos to protect jurors and witnesses 165 The adversarial and inquisitorial systems 167 viii Contents 14 Prison and Alternatives 169 Deterrence, custody and rehabilitation 169 Children and young offenders 169 Escalation of sentences 171 Capital punishment 175 Life meaning life 176 Alternatives to prison 178 The real deterrent: conviction 181 PART V TECHNOLOGY AND CML UBERTIES 15 Identification and Impersonation 185 Experience in Britain and other countries 185 Card technology 187 Biometrie technology 189 Trials of biometrie travel cards 191 Passports, visas and ID cards 194 Safeguarding civil liberties 197 16 Surveillance and Access Control 200 Inside the castle walls: staff selection 200 Perimeter security 200 Access con tro} 202 Surveillance and civil liberties 204 Closed circuit television (CClV) 205 17 Search Techniques 208 Body searches 208 Letter and parcel bombs 209 Baggage 210 Cars 212 Heavy goods vehicles, cargo and containers 213 Civil liberties implications 213 PART VI CONCLUSIONS 18 Striking the Balance 217 Young criminals: Why? What can be done? 217 Drugs and crime 218 Intelligence 219 Prevention of terrorism 221 Publie order 223 Contents ix Arrest, trial and conviction 223 Prison and its alternatives 226 Technology and civil rights 227 The ultimate civil right 229 Notes and References 231 Bibliography 241 Index 245
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